Glosater – A

A

chromosomal aberration. Abnormality in the number or structure of chromosomes.

Abiotic, transformation. Change in physical or chemical nature of a substance as a result of physicochemical conditions and independent of any biological system.

abiotic. Not related to living organisms.

absorption (chemistry of surfaces and colloids). The process by which a component is transferred between two phases in contact in one integrated. PAC, 1972.

absorption (radiation). Phenomenon in which radiation transfers some or all of their energy to matter on the incident. ISO, 1972.

absorption (biological). Process incoming transport, active passive, of a substance within an organism; can occur through different pathways.

abuse (substance). Misuse or abuse of medical- mentos, solvents, drugs or other substances.

acaricide. A substance used to kill ticks, lice and mites.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Complex molecule, member of the chromosomes, that stores the hereditary information in the form of variations (code features) in the sequence of purine and pyrimidine bases; This information is translated into protein synthesis, so it is crucial for all physical and functional characteristics of cells and the body. t. rel. ribonucleic acid (ARN).

acidosis. Pathological condition in which the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids is higher than normal, so, blood pH is below the reference range. ant. alkalosis.

clearing. 1. Blood or plasma volume or mass of a body of which a substance has been eliminated by metabolism or excretion at a given time; is expressed in units of volume or mass per unit time. 2. Can also be expressed as a ratio between the renal excretion rate and plasma concentration (amount of substance eliminated in the urine per minute divided by the blood concentration). 3. You can refer to any of the excretory organs. t. rel. elimination, excretion.

acclimatization (biological). 1. Processes including selection and / or adaptation, by which a population or an individual develops tolerance to environmental change or a substance, or acquires the capacity to degrade. 2. In trials with living organisms, prior adaptation to environmental conditions.

activation. different t. rel. bioactivation.

metabolic activation. Biotransformation of a substance, relatively low toxicity, a toxic derivative. m. gral. activation, biotransformation. m.mis. lethal synthesis. without. bioactivation.

accumulation. Successive retention of a substance by a target organism, an organ or a part of the environment, leading to an increase in the amount or concentration of the substance in the same. WHO, 1989a.

adaptation. 1. Changes in an organism, in response to changing conditions (in our case the chemical) the environment, that occur without irreversible alteration of the biological system and without exceeding the normal response capacity (homeostasis). 2. The process by which an organism stabilizes its physiological conditions after an environmental change. t. rel. acclimatization.

adenocarcinoma. A malignant tumor originating in the glandular epithelium or forming glandular structures. t. rel. cancer, adenoma.

adenoma. A benign tumor developed in the glandular epithelium or forming glandular structures. t. rel. adenocarcinoma.

addiction. Hobby and submission to the regular use of a substance for relief, welfare, the stimulation effect, development frequently need to use. without. p. dependence. t.rel. drogradicción.

alimentary additives. Substance is not usable as food or used as a typical ingredient of food, or no nutritional value takes, added to those with technological purposes of preparing, processing, treatment, conservation, Packing the Pack, transport management. The term does not include contaminants or substances added to food to improve nutrition. Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1983.

administration (of a substance). Applying a known amount of a substance to an organism by a defined route and reproducible procedure.

adrenergic. ver SN sympathomimetic.

adsorption. Enrichment or concentration of one or more components on the surface of an interface. Gold y cols., 1987.

adduct. AB New chemical species formed by combining two molecular entities A and B, without causing any change in the connectivity of atoms in molecules A and B. Different stoichiometries are possible 1:1. Intramolecular adducts can be formed between groups A and B of the same molecule. Gold y cols., 1987. Note by the Spanish version. An adduct is an addition product is formed, molecular lossless, among the substances that bind. From a strictly chemical point of view this only happens in the Diels-Alder, with formation of cicloaductos. Toxicology is the term usually applied to products adduct formed between a xenobiotic, or their active metabolites, and a biological macromolecule, for example, ethylene oxide and DNA.

aerobic. Molecular body needs oxygen to breathe and, so, to grow and live. Nagel et al., 1991.

acute. Shows or short-term effects. 1. In experimental toxicology, short-term studies, normally 24 h, to the least of the week, initiated by the administration of a single dose. ant. chronic. 2. In Medical Clinic, sudden and severe disease with rapid course. aerosol. Dispersion of solid particles in a gas or liquid (p. ej. the air). t. rel. fume, smoke, Niebler, dust, spray. Gold y cols., 1987.

aphasia. Disorder in the ability to speak or write, or understanding speech, writing or by signs, because of an illness or brain injury.

alkylating agent. A substance that introduce an alkyl group (linear chain) in a compound. By extension also applies to other molecular groups. t. rel. acylating agent (introducing an acid group).

agonist. A substance that binds to the biological, that normally respond to physiological substances, and causes the response of its own. ant. antagonist.

albuminuria. Albumin, from the plasma, in urine. t. rel. microalbuminuria, proteinuria.

alkaloid. Plant-derived compound, with one or more nitrogen atoms that give organic-based character. There are also synthetic protein produced from (see. esp.)

alkalosis. Pathological condition in which the hydrogen ion concentration in biological fluids is lower than normal, so that the pH of the blood rises above normal. ant. acidosis.

breathalyser. 1. Device (densimeter) used to assess the alcohol content of a liquid; sin. breathalyser, pesaalcohol. 2. Device for measuring the amount of alcohol in the breath. sin. ethywithouteters (see. esp.)

allele. Each of the various forms of a gene that car parks in the same relative position (locus) of homologous chromosomes. t. rel. gametes, meiosis,locuss.

allergen. Antigenic substance capable of producing hypersensitivity- stability. t. rel. allergy, antigen, hypersensitivity.

allergy. Signs that the symptoms appear in individuals sensitized, after exposure to a substance (allergen) to cause sensitization in a previous contact, and that does not cause disturbances in non-sensitized. The most common forms of allergies are rhinitis, urticaria, asthma and contact dermatitis. t. rel. immune response, hypersensitivity.

food allergy. Hypersensitivity to dietary substances, to which an individual has previously sensitized. m. gral. allergy, hypersensitivity. ant. Food intolerance. RCP, 1984.

algaecide. Substance that kills algae. t. rel. herbicide, pesticide.

Food, chain. Sequence or set of species that feed on each other, whose sequence is transmitted and focused, among other, toxic substances (see. esp.). without. food chain.

alopecia. Baldness; absence or thinning of hair in areas of hairy skin normally.

allotropy. Ability of some chemical elements (S, P) to form molecules differing in structure or number of the constituent atoms. (see. esp.) m. gral. polymorphism.

hallucination. State in which the individual believes that he is perceiving stimuli (light, sound, and so on.) There are not really; are common in the psychosis caused by toxic and in some mental illnesses (see. esp.)

alveolus (pulmonary). Cell, Areo cavity or sac branching terminal bronchioles of the lung, where gas exchange takes place.

environmental, quality standards (EQS). Concentrations of a substance that should not be exceeded in an environmental system, often expressed as weighted averages over time, for specified periods. without. environmental standards. t. rel. limit values.

environmental, quality objectives (EQO). They refer to the protection of particular aspects of the environment, expressed in qualitative terms; eg. health of fish in an estuary.

environmental, protection. 1. Actions aimed at avoiding or minimizing adverse effects on the environment. 2. Set of steps in this direction, including: pollution monitoring, development and practice of principles of environmental protection (legal, technical and hygiene), As well as, control and risk communication.

environmental, monitoring. Systematic identification, continuous or repeated, substances in the environment, exposure assessment and risk, by comparison with appropriate reference values ​​based on knowledge of the probable relationship between environmental exposure and adverse effects resulting. t. rel. biological monitoring, reference values.

environment. What surrounds or near. Set of all external conditions and influences to which it is subjected, at one point, the system under study. ISO, 1975.

occupational environment. Conditions surrounding the workplace.

gene amplification. Production of copies of a DNA sequence of intra-or extra chromosome; in plasmids, refers to an increase in plasmid copy per cell, induced by a specific treatment of transformed cells.

anabolismo. Set of biochemical processes (metabolic) synthesis of complex molecules from simple precursors. ant. catabolism.

anaerobic. Situation devoid of molecular oxygen.

anaerobe. Agency does not need molecular oxygen to live. Strict anaerobes grow only in the absence of oxygen; facultative anaerobes can live with or without molecular oxygen. Nagel et al, 1991 ant. aerobic.

anaphylactic, shock. Sudden and severe allergic reaction, because sometimes kills, an antigen or a hapten produced in sensitized persons. t. rel. antigen, hapteno, anaphylaxis.

analgesic. Substance painkiller, without loss of consciousness.

análisis cohort. Tabulation and analysis of morbidity and mortality in a particular group of people (cohort), identified by its time of birth and that he has followed over time during his life or any part thereof. In some circumstances, as studies of migrant populations, cohort analysis can be performed on the duration of residence in a country rather than by year of birth, to link health status or mortality with exposure time.

anaplasia. Loss of normal cell differentiation, indeed characteristic of malignant. t. rel. malignant.

anemia. Situation where there is a reduction in the number of red, or the amount of hemoglobin, per unit volume of blood, and below the reference range considered normal for individuals of the same species and similar conditions; often accompanied by paleness and fatigue.

anesthetic. A substance that causes loss of consciousness or feelings; general anesthetic causes unconsciousness; regional and local anesthetics become a specific area insensitive to pain, as to affect the CNS or PNS branches.

Aneuploidy. Cell or organism that has an abnormal number of chromosomes.

anoxia. Strictly: total absence of oxygen; ordinarily, insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues.

antagonism. Combined effect of two or more factors, which is less than the isolates of any of them. t. rel. synergism.

antagonist. 1. A substance that slows or reverses the effects induced by an agonist. 2. Substance that binds and blocks cell receptors that normally bind to natural substances in its physiological action. ant. agonist. t. rel. antidote.

antiadrenergic. Ver sympatholytic.

antibiotic. A substance produced by, and obtained from, certain living cells (especially bacteria, yeasts and fungi), or equivalent synthetic, at low concentrations, biostatic or biocides are, for other forms of life, especially for the harmful pathogens.

anticoagulant. Substance that prevents coagulation.

anticholinergic. 1. n. A substance that opposes the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses, type whose transmitter is acetylcholine. 2. adj. Which prevents the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses.

anticholinesterase. View cholinesterase inhibitor. antibody. Protein molecule (inmunoglobulina) produced by the immune system, that specifically binds to the molecule (antigen or hapten) that induces the synthesis. By joining the immune reactions are initiated. t. rel. antigen, hapteno, inmunoglobulina, iimmunoglobulin

monoclonal antibody. Antibody produced by cloned cells from a single lymphocyte. m. gral. antibody. t. rel. polyclonal antibody.

polyclonal antibody. Antibody produced by a number of different cell types. m. gral. antibody. t. rel. monoclonal antibody.

antidote. Substance that can counteract or reduce the effect of a potentially toxic substance with a relatively specific chemical action. See Note. esp.: This molecular action es-toxic antidote, while the antagonist acting via pharmacological or physiological mechanism- GICO. t. rel. antagonist.

antigen. A substance that induces the immune system to produce specific cells or specific antibodies; combined with specific binding sites (epitopes) of antibodies or cells. Nagel et al., 1991. t. rel. antibody, epitope.

antihelmíntico. A drug used against intestinal parasitic worms, as helminths.

antimetabolito. Structurally similar to a metabolite, which competes with or replaces, and thus prevents or reduces its normal function.

antifungal. A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi. without. fungicide.

antipyretic. A substance that relieves or reduces fever.

antirresistente. Additive in formulations of pesticides to reduce pest resistance. IRPTC, 1982.

antiserum. Serum containing antibodies against a specific antigen as a result of a process of immunization.

anthracosis (pneumoconiosis of coal miners). Form of pneumoconiosis (lung disease) caused by carbon deposits in the lungs, due to inhalation of smoke or coal dust.

anthropogenic. The influences caused by human activities.

aplasia. Lack of an organ or tissue, and in consequence of their products, fault or inhibition of development. t. rel. metaplasia.

germinal aplasia. Complete failure of gonad development.

apoptosis. Expected physiological process of death and decay of tissue in the normal development of living things. t. rel. necrosis.

clear. Pathological condition characterized by a bluish-gray pigmentation or black fabric (skin, retina, mucous, teeth, internal organs) caused by accumulation of metallic silver, consequent to the reduction of adsorbed silver compounds chronically. without. argirosis.

arrhythmia. Any variation from the normal frequency of the heartbeat.

artifact. Finding or result of experimental or observational techniques, it is not proper or original of the system under study.

atherosclerosis. Chronic progressive degeneration of the arteries, with deformation, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls, and decrease in lumen, deposition of atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent thrombus. t. rel. atherosclerosis, atheromatosis. (see. esp.)

arteriosclerosis. Hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries.

arthralgia. Pain in a joint.

arthritis. Inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain and often with changes in the structure.

asbestosis. Form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers. t. rel. pneumoconiosis.

ascaricida. A substance that kills roundworms Ascaris type.

asphyxia. Situation resulting from insufficient oxygen uptake: symptoms include shortness of breath, disorders of the senses and, finally, seizures, unconsciousness and death.

suffocating. A substance that blocks the transport or use of oxygen by organisms.

asthma. Chronic respiratory disease characterized by bronchoconstriction, excessive mucus secretion and edema in the lung alveoli, manifested by respiratory distress, wheezing and coughing.

glue vacuum. Individuals who make abusive use of adhesives or solvents, smelling or inhaling the vapors. m. gral. solvent vacuum. t. rel. addiction, Solvent abuse.

asthenia. Weakness; lack or loss of strength.

astringent. 1. n. A substance that causes cell retraction, causing tissue contraction or detention of secretions and discharges; such substances may be applied to the skin to harden and protect. 2.- adj. That causes contraction, usually locally, after topical application.

ataxia. Unstable on uneven floor manera the move, or failure caused by loss of muscle coordination, cerebellar origin sometimes.

atheromatosis. Degeneration of the inner layer intercellular arterial, necrosis and fatty deposits (cholesterol) forming atheroma and subsequent calcification. (see. esp.)

atherosclerosis. Pathological condition in which there is thickening- to, hardening and loss of elasticity of blood vessel walls, characterized by a variable combination of changes in the innermost layer, with local accumulation of lipids, complex carbohydrates, blood and blood components, fibrous tissue and calcium deposits. Also, the outer layer thickens and the mean fatty degeneration occurs.

atherosclerosis. Process leading to atherosclerosis by proliferation of connective tissue internal and middle layers of the arteries, atheromatosis and elastic and collagen tissue of the arteries. t. rel. arteriosclerosis- sis, atheromatosis. (see. esp.)

atresia. Imperforate a normal body through.

atrophy. Wasting of the body or an organ or tissue.

attenuation (in genetics). Regulation of gene expression in bacteria by premature termination of transcription of a biosynthetic operon.

autophagosome. Membrane-bound body (Secondary Lysosomes) digesting parts of the cell.

autopsy (Latin, see for yourself). Postmortem examination of the organs and tissues to determine the cause of death or pathological conditions. t. rel. biopsy. without. necropsy.

competent authority. In accordance with Directive 79/831 European Union CE, Sixth Amendment of Directive 67/548/EEC, on Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Dangerous Substances, organization or group is the government official designated to receive and assess notifications of new substances. He was also concerned to monitor compliance with the standards of Good Laboratory Practice.

auxotrophic. Agency unable to synthesize an organic molecule essential for its growth; This is achieved by administering the substance with the other nutrients (auxotrofia).

avicida. Substance (pesticide) used to kill birds.

axénico. Germ-free Animal.

In this section:

• Glosater - Glossary Toxicology
• Glosater – Introduction to Spanish version
• Glosater – A
• Glosater – B-C
• Glosater – D-E
• Glosater – F-G-H-I
• Glosater – L-M-N
• Glosater – O-P-Q-R
• Glosater – S-T-V X Z
• Glosater – Annex 1. Acronyms used in toxicology
• Glosater – Annex 2. Acronyms and legislation bodies
• Glosater – Annex 3. Bibliographical sources