Glosater – D-E

D

incomplete data (censored). Sample observations for which no one knows the complete distribution: for example, cohort study in which there can be tracked for some individuals until the end of the study (“subjects lost”); subjects who, at the end of the study, there has been the terminal event (“subjects withdrawn”) or test data in which the results are below the detection limit. Last, 1988.

delirium. Confused mental state characterized by the pathological construction of ideas, no relation to reality; includes hallucinations, anxiety, restlessness and tremors and muscle spasms. May be due to endogenous or toxic psychosis or high fever. As a severe complication of alcoholism called delirium tremens. (see. esp.) biological demand (biochemistry) of oxygen (DBO). Amount of oxygen consumed in the respiratory activity of microorganisms that grow on organic compounds in half when incubated at a specified temperature (20 C) for a certain period (generally 5 days). It is regarded as an index of water pollution from organic products that can be degraded biologically, also involves the oxidation of inorganic substances, as sulfides or iron (II). The usual empirical test also measures the oxygen consumed in oxidizing reduced forms of nitrogen, unless this oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor such as allylthiourea. t. rel. chemical oxygen demand. Nagel et al., 1991.

biological oxygen demand. See no. biochemical oxygen demand.

chemical oxygen demand (COD). Number of oxidizing substance, potassium permanganate or dichromate generally, required to oxidize organic and inorganic matter present in wastewater; is expressed in milligrams of O2 consumed per liter of water. Nagel et al., 1991. t. rel. biochemical oxygen demand.

dependence. 1. Situation that requires an individual to absorb a substance to maintain health and normalization of physical or mental functions or both. 2. Need for the presence of certain metal ions for the activity of certain enzymes. (see. esp.)

deposit. Action and effect of separation, because of the severity, particles that are suspended in a fluid (gas or liquid); applies to the sedimentation of particulate matter in the airways and alveoli, or in a compartment of an ecosystem. sin. sedimentation, sediment; siwithoutp. accumulation; ant. suspension. (see. esp.)

dermatitis (dermatitis) Contact. Inflammatory skin condition, usually in a localized area, as a result of this direct exposure to a sensitizing substance (allergen) or irritating (corrosive, degreaser, and so on.), or infectious.

softener. Products that increase the cleaning ability of detergents, primarily to remove water hardness; phosphates used are the most complex (especially sodium tripolyphosphate, eg pentasodium triphosphate), carbonate and sodium silicate. Agents are highly polluting water.

decontamination. Process to make safe (for cleaning, elimination, neutralization, and so on.) a potentially toxic substance present somewhere, water, food, clothes, clothing, body surface, etc..

dehydrogenase. An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of compounds by removal of hydrogen atoms.

desiccant. Dehydrating agent.

desorption. Segregation of the substance retained by an adsorbent. ant. adsorption. (see. esp.)

waste. Anything that is discarded deliberately or available for purposes other than those of first use.

desensitization. Suppression of the sensitivity of an organism to an allergen to which had been previously exposed.

detoxification. Treatment of poisoned patients to reduce the likelihood or severity of adverse effects. t. rel. detoxication.

denaturation. 1. Adding a substance, specific features and hardly separable, to another, to avoid using it for drinking or food; denatured products bear less tax burden. 2. Changes in the molecular structure of proteins, that prevent their normal functions; usually produced by changes in intramolecular hydrogen bonds, because of reactive or heat. (see. esp.)

denitrification. Nitrates to nitrites Reduccción, nitrous oxide or nitrogen, catalyzed by facultative aerobic soil bacteria, under anaerobic conditions. Nagel et al., 1990.

detoxication. Chemical transformation processes that make a less toxic molecule. t. rel. detoxification. (see. esp.)

diaforesis. Profuse sweating. Sweating.

diaphoretic. What causes sweating.

diálisis peritoneal. Artificial detoxification method in which the poison is transferred from the patient's body fluid that is installed in the peritoneum; the peritoneum acts as a dialysis membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity; and eliminating waste products or toxins accumulated as a result of renal failure.

aerodynamic diameter. Diameter of a spherical particle of density equal to one that is in the air the same settling velocity as the particle considered. without. equivalent diameter. IPCS, 1987.

equivalent diameter (of a particle). Diameter of a spherical particle having the same density as the particle considered, and could exhibit the same behavior in relation to a particular phenomenon or property. t. rel. aerodynamic diameter. ISO, 1979.

mass median diameter. The diameter of a particle with mass equal to half of the particles of a population.

mass median diameter. Diameter of a particle of mass equal to the median of a population of particles.

median diameter calculated. Calculated diameter of dispersed particles in a gas or liquid over whose size is the same number of particles below.

mean diameter calculated. Mean diameters of all particles of a population. WHO, 1989a.

diana (biological). Population, body, organ, tissue, cell or cell constituent on which the agent exerts its physical, chemical or biological. WHO, 1979. t. rel. receptor.

diastereomers. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images or superimposable. (see. esp.) t. rel. enantiomers.

cis-trans diastereomers. Stereoisomers having different- TES substituents on the same side or opposite sides of a double bond or a ring.

total diet, study. 1. Estimated total amount of a particular substance or food in a typical diet. WHO, 1989a. 2. Pattern of pesticide residues ingested by a person who eats certain diet. WHO, 1976.WHO

dimercaprol. CEAS BAL.

diploidía. Double cell chromosome. Chromosomes come in pairs homologous. Somatic cells (non-breeding) are normal human diploid (have 46 cromosomas), while germ cells, with 23 cromosomas, son hapchromosomes rel. haploide, meiosis, mitosis.

discharge. See issue.

say. Prefix denotes what is more difficult or painful. (see. esp.)

dysarthria. Imperfect articulation of words because of neuromuscular disorders.

discordance (genetics). Any differences between individual character due to genetic causes, as may occur in dizygotic twins, or between partners in a cohort study. ant. agreement. dysphasia. Disruption of faulty construction and language misuse of the words.

dysphoria. Alteration of humor, common in neurotic, depressed and drug addicts. (see. esp.)

dysfunction. Altered function.

dyslexia. Difficulty reading or writing.

dyspnoea. Wheezing and shortness. (see. esp.)

solvents, abuse. Deliberate inhalation or volatile solvents beverage purposes of pleasure. without. glue sniffing.

dysplasia. Abnormal development of an organ or tissue.

distribution. 1. Phase transition of a substance in the body, from absorption to equilibrium concentrations; if there is storage, redistribution can occur prior to disposal (see. esp.). 2. Dispersion of a substance and its derivatives through the environment.

diuresis. Excretion of urine. t. rel. diuresis forzada.

diuresis forzada. Method of increasing urine output based on the joint application of hydration and diuretics, to promote the excretion of substances in the urine (detoxification).

dosage. Expression of the dose received by an individual, function of time; eg., mg/Kg/hora; mg / Kg / dia. t. rel. dose.

dose. Amount of substance administered or absorbed by an individual in proportion to their weight or body size, ordinarily 24 hours. It is usually expressed in mg / Kg. (see. esp.)

absorbed dose (of a substance). Amount of substance that enters into an agency or incorporated into organs or tissues, expressed per unit weight or volume.

effective dose (DE). Dose of a substance that produces a definite effect on a given system; ED- 50 is the dose that causes 50% the maximum effect. m. gral. dose. t. rel. lethal dose, DL-50.

average effective dose (DE50). Dose, statistically calculated, of a chemical or physical (radiation) that is expected to produce a certain effect on the 50% experimental organisms in a population or to produce half the maximum effect in a biological system under a set of conditions defined.

Estimated exposure doses (DEE). The proportion of a substance in relation to the weight of a body (dose) to which it may be exposed, from all sources and pathways. IRIS, 1986.

fixed dose, procedure. Acute toxicity test in which test only a small number of doses (3-4) default, to identify which of them produces evident toxicity without lethality; The test may be repeated with higher doses or lower (test up / down) (up and down) to satisfy the criterion. m. is. limit test.

equivalent human dose. Dose of an agent who believes the man exerted on the same magnitude of toxic effects in animals induced by a known dose. IRIS, 1986.

inhibitory dose (A). Absorbed dose of a substance that causes a defined inhibition assay system; DI-50 is the dose that causes 50% maximum inhibition. t. rel. effective dose, lethal dose, inhibitory concentration.

absolute lethal dose (DL-100). Minimum amount of a substance per unit of body weight, that kills all the animals tested under defined conditions.

median lethal dose (DL50). Dose, statistically calculated, of a chemical or physical (radiation) is expected to kill 50% of organisms in a population under a defined set of conditions.

cumulative median lethal dose. Total administered a substance associated with the death of half the population of animals, when doses are fractions of the LD50. The total estimated amount may vary with the size of fractions and the observation time. m. gral, median lethal dose.

minimum lethal dose (DLmin). The smallest amount of substance introduced into the body causes death of any animal experimentation under a defined set of conditions.

maximum tolerable dose (MTD, English). Maximum amount of a substance entering the body does not kill the experimental animals.

maximum tolerated dose (MTD, English). High doses used in chronic toxicity tests, according to a proper study of subchronic, is expected to produce limited toxicity when administered during the testing time. It should not produce) toxic effect manifested as cell death or dysfunction or organic ob) toxicities known to reduce the animal's life except as a result of neoplastic development, o c) a delay greater than 10% of body weight in the weight evolution, compared to control animals. In some studies, excludes consideration of toxic effects that can interfere with a carcinogenic effect.

narcotic dose half (DN50). Dose, statistically calculated, of a substance that is expected to produce narcosis 50% of experimental animals under a defined set of conditions.

ineffective doses. Amount of substance that has no effect on the body. Below the threshold of harmful effect and it is estimated by setting. without. subthreshold doses. t. rel. threshold.

regulated dose. Term used by the EPA (USA) to describe the expected dose resulting from human exposure to a substance in the level at which the environment is regulated. Barnes y Dourson, 1988.

subthreshold doses. without. ineffective doses.

toxic dose. The proportion of a substance that causes intoxication without allowing it to be lethal.

drug. 1. Any substance which when absorbed by organisms may modify one or more of its functions (without. drug). 2. Crude or natural product extract, application in industry, arts or pharmacy. (see. esp.). 3. Term used to designate drugs (America) and substances of abuse (Drugs of Abuse).

duplication. 1. Reiteration in conducting an experiment under similar conditions (controlled) to minimize error and to estimate variability obtained with a more secure. (see. esp.) 2. A form of reproduction of genetic material.

duplicate, sampling (replica). Two or more samples taken at the same or similar conditions of the same material, for analytical or comparative studies. (see. esp.)

It

eczema. Dermal reaction to causes, externas o internas, characterized by acute or chronic inflammation of the skin with erythema, small papules and vesicles, crusts and scales.

ecogenetics. Study of the influence of hereditary factors- tary on the effects of xenobiotics in different individuals. without. p. pharmacogenetics, toxicogenética. t. rel. polymorphism.

ecology (from the Greek oikos, home). The branch of biology that studies the interactions between living organisms and all factors of their environment, other agencies including. ICPS, 1987.

human ecology. Study of interrelationships of humans with their environment-physical, biological, partner- economic and cultural- including relationships between individuals or groups with other groups of humans or other species.

ecosystem. Functional entity composed of all agencies (microorganisms, animals and plants) living in a particular natural area and interact with each other and with the physical and chemical components of their environment; is the structural and functional unit in ecology. IPCS, 1987.

ecotoxicology. Study of the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on populations and ecosystems communities; encompasses the forms of transfer of these agents and their interactions with the environment.

ectohormona. See pheromone.

ectoparasiticide. A substance used to kill insects that live outside the host.

edema. Accumulation of large amount of serous fluid in the intercellular spaces of body tissues, by vascular permeability.

long-term effect (or term). without. chronic effects. ant. acute effect. t. rel. subchronic effect.

cumulative effect. Overall adverse changes consequent to repeated doses of harmful substances or radiation, biological consequences are increasing. additive effect. Impact of exposure to two or more physical or chemical agents that act simultaneously, no interaction, and whose total effect is the simple sum of those due to each agent, separately, under the same conditions- nes. Doses or concentrations of substances with similar action have simple additivity. t. rel. antagonism, combined effect, empowerment, synergy.

adverse effect. Change in morphology, physiology, creci- treatment, development or life span of an organism, with impaired functional capacity or homeostasis, or increased susceptibility to the harmful effects of environmental influences. IPCS, 1978.

acute effect. That rapid onset and course (in the first 24 h or the first 14 d, depending on the type of study) produced by a single dose or short exposure to a substance or radiation- tion. efecto conjunto. Result of simultaneous or successive action of different factors on an organism. t. rel. additive effect, antagonism, efecto ccombined effectrment, synergy.

chronic effects. Result of slow processes and long-lasting (often, but not always, irreversible). WHO, 1979. ant. acute effect.

quantal effect. Condition can be expressed only as that “occurs” or “not occur”, as death or the appearance of a tumor. ant. gradual effect. t. rel. random effect. without. no effect on any.

gradual effect. Consequence that can be measured on a scale of intensity or severity and magnitude directly related to the dose or concentration of the substance that produces. WHO, 1989a. ant. effect of all the nothing, quantum effect. t. rel. stochastic effect (random).

off effect. Biological change that comes and goes at intervals. without. discontinuous effect.

latent effect. Not yet manifested (see. esp.) t. rel. delayed action.

side effect. Action of a drug other than the intended. without. side effect.

local effect. Change confined to the place of contact between the body and a toxic. ant. systemic effect.

population effect. Absolute number or incidence of cases in a group of individuals.

delayed action. Changes appeared some time after the end of exposure to a toxic. without. p. latent effect; t. rel. latency period.

effect “healthy” work. Phenomenon observed in epidemiological studies wrong occupational diseases: workers generally show lower rates of illness or death than the general population, because they usually are excluded from work to older and seriously ill. WHO, 1989a.

sensociral effect, level. 1. The detection threshold is defined as the lowest intensity or concentration that supports that can be detected in the 50% cases. 2. Is defined as the level of rejection / acceptance of the concentration at which experiences rejection less than 5% population, after a period of less than 2% the usual time of exposure. WHO, 1987.

systemic effect. Of a general nature or that occurs in a different place from that for which the agent enters the body. Requires absorption and distribution of toxic by the body. ant. local effect.

subacute effect. Biological change resulting from continuous or repeated exposure over 21 days. without. p. subchronic effect. t. rel. subacute toxicity.

subclinical effect. Biological change resulting from exposure to a pathogen, before the onset of disease symptoms.

subchronic effect. Biological change resulting from exposure during 10% the lifetime of the organism studied; Animal experimentation in this period was estimated as three months (90 days). without. p. subacute effect. t. rel. subchronic toxicity.

effect all-or-nothing. do not. quantal effect. t. rel. stochastic effect (random).

toxic effect, comprehensive indicator. General parameter (as body weight, temperature, and so on.) that can manifest changes in the condition of the body exposed to toxic substances. IRPTC, 1982.

combined effects of toxic. Effects of simultaneous or sequential absorption (concomitant) two or more toxic, on an organism. without. overall effect. t. rel. additive effect, antagonism, empowerment, synergism. IRPTC, 1982.

effluent. Liquid, solid or gas emitted or discharged from a source to the environment. t. rel. emission.

elimination. Overall results of the processes of biotransformation and excretion by the body to release substances. t. rel. clearing, biotransformation, excretion. (see. esp.)

embryo. State of development during which the organs and systems are. 1. In humans, from the second week, after conception, the eighth, inclusive. 2. In birds, from fertilization of the egg to hatch. 3. In plants, within the seed. t. rel. fetus.

embryotoxicity. The ability of a substance to cause toxic effects in the offspring during the first period of pregnancy, from conception to the fetal. These effects may include malformations, dysfunctions, growth disorders, stillbirths and altered postnatal function. USEPA, 1989. t. rel. developmental toxicology, teratogenesis.

emesis. Vomit.

emission. Release of substances from a source to the environment. without. discharge. ant. immission. t. rel. effluent.

emission, limit. Maximum allowable discharge of a substance into the; concentration is usually expressed as time-weighted average or ceiling value.

base pairing. Union of the pair of chains polinucleóticos complementary nucleic acid in, by hydrogen bonds between complementary purine and pyrimidine bases: adenine with thymine or uracil, cytosine with guanine.

enantiomers. Stereoisomers that are mirror images, but not superimposable (see. esp.) t. rel. diastereomers.

endemia. Regular or recurring disease in a geographic area or population, usually because of geographical or climatological. (see. esp.)

endocrine. On hormones or glands of internal secretion. (see. esp.)

endothelium. Layer of flat cells that lines the inner surface of blood vessels and lymphatics, of serous and synovial membranes and body cavities. (see. esp.)

disease. Pathological situation that presents a peculiar set of symptoms that distinguishes it as abnormal entity other normal or pathological.

autoimmune disease. Pathological condition that occurs when an organism produces antibodies (autoantibodies) or specific cells, that bind to constituents of the tissues themselves (autoantigens) and cause tissue damage; rheumatoid arthritis are examples, myasthenia gravis, Scleroderma, etc.. t. rel. allergy, antibody, antigen, hypersensitivity, immune response.

Minamata disease. Neuropathy caused by ingestion of fish contaminated with methylmercury, first recognized in Minamata Bay in Japan.

trials. 1. In Analytical Toxicology: qualitative or quantitative analysis by applying established methods and comparing results with standards set. 2. Experimental Toxicology: assessment of potential toxic effects of substances through the application, different dosis, to the appropriate bodies biológicos systems suitable for pathways of exposure the administration. t. rel. bioassay.

carcinogenicity study. Long-term study (chronic) designed for any possible carcinogenic effect of a substance.

limit test. Acute toxicity test in which, if no adverse effects to a preset maximum, do not need higher exposure levels. t. rel. fixed-dose trial. Brown, 1988.

guinea pig maximization test (y de Magnusson Kligman). Skin test widely used to detect contact allergens; is considered a useful method to identify strong or moderate sensitizers for man.

toxicity test. Experimental study of the adverse effects of a substance on a living organism, for a specified time and conditions set. t. rel. acute toxicity tests, chronic toxicity tests, carcinogenicity tests.

acute toxicity test. Experimental study to determine the adverse effects that may occur in a short time (usually two weeks) after a single dose of a substance, several of the administered dose in 24 h. t. rel. limit test, median lethal dose (DL50).

chronic toxicity test. Study in which organisms are seen throughout much of his life, during and after exposure to the substance to be tested. without. long-term trial. ant. acute toxicity test. WHO, 1978a.

enteritis. Acute or chronic intestinal inflammation, often accompanied by pain, sickness, vomiting and diarrhea, may be of infectious or toxic. (see. esp.)

enterohepática, circulation. Cyclical process involving the absorption of a substance that has been excreted in the bile through the liver, and from the intestine into the blood and back to the liver. (see. esp.)

enzyme. Catalyst for biochemical reactions, facilitating the transformation of the substrates.

enzootic. Animal equivalent of what in humans is known as endemic.

epidemiology. Study of the distribution of health states and their determinants in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Last, 1988.

descriptive epidemiology. Study of the presentation of diseases or health disorders in a population, including general observations on the relationship of the disease with characteristics such as age, sex, race, occupation, social class, geographical location, etc.. The main features are grouped into individual, time and place. IPCS, 1987.

epigastrium. His stomach; central-upper abdomen, located between the sternum, costal arches and the navel. (see. esp.)

epigenesis, epigenetic. Changes in an organism due to alterations in the expression of genetic information, without alteration of the genome; phenotype is affected but not the genotype. t. rel. mutation, phenotype, tumor.

epileptiform. Occurrence of sudden and severe spasms, as seizures or epilepsy.

epithelium. Layer, generally multiple, of cells that covers the outer surface of the body and some internal, as skin, mucous, the bronchi, intestine, and so on., and form glands.

epithelioma. Tumor originated in the epithelium. m. is. carcinoma.

epitope. Part of a molecule that acts as an antigenic determinant; a macromolecule can contain many different epitopes, each capable of stimulating the production of a specific antibody. Nagel et al., 1991.

personal protective equipment. Mono, gloves, helmet, respirator, etc.… to avoid exposure to potentially toxic substances.

erythema. Redness of the skin produced by congestion (or accumulation of blood flow, vasodilation usually) of capillaries. (see. esp.)

eschar. Crust (pustule) dry in an area of ​​burned skin.

sclerosis. Hardening of an organ or tissue, usually caused by excessive growth of scar tissue.

scotoma. Area of ​​visual field with impaired vision (dark spot) surrounded by normal viewing.

spasm. Involuntary contraction of a muscle persistent or group of. (see. esp.)

speciation. Determining the exact chemical form in which an element is present in a compound; for example: oxidation state ID (divalente, trivalent, and so on.) in which a chemical element is part of an ion or an organic molecule. It also applies to the quantitative distribution of different species can coexist in a sample.

species. 1. In biology, group of organisms from common ancestors, they are able to reproduce among themselves giving fertile offspring. 2. In chemistry, pure chemical.

chemical species. Physicochemical form that is presented individually in a substance (see. esp.).

specimen. Portion of any substance, material, body, tissue, blood, urine, Lee, etc.. or environment, which is assumed to represent the full at the time of collection, and which is taken for diagnostic purposes, identification, study or demonstration. PAC, 1990. t. rel. sample.

biological specimen. 1. Organ, tissue (including blood), excretion and secretion products of an organism taken as a sign that reflects the state of the whole organism. 2. Agency sampled from a population or its environment. without. sample.

statistics. Massive process description by numbers (observation units) for analysis in order to state any general rules. (see. esp.)

standard. 1. That which is established as a model or other unit of a similar nature. 2. Specification (set of features) technique, usually as accessible document, established with the consensus or general approval of all stakeholders, and based on consolidated results of scientific, technical or experimental, in order to obtain the optimum benefits and approved by a recognized national, regional or international. sin. directriz técnica. 3. Reference substance for analytical purposes. sin. standard material.

environmental standard. View indices of environmental quality.

occupational exposure standard (OES, English). 1. Level of exposure to substances, radiation intensity, and so on., or other condition that is considered to represent a specific code of good practice and is a realistic approach to exposure control through proper design of the plant, if engineering controls and, is necessary, add the use of protective clothing. 2. In Britain, exposure limit defined by the COSHH Regulations as the concentration of a substance in the air, weighted with respect to time, which, according to current knowledge, no evidence that harm may occur to workers, if exposed to daily inhalation of this concentration, and fixed under the advice of the Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances of the HSE.

standard, material (in analytical chemistry). 1. Or reference material for calibration of concentrations of certain elements, whose values ​​are recommended by a government agency. Gold y cols., 1987. 2. Sufficiently well defined substance to be used in the calibration and quality control of technical measures.

primary protection standard. Maximum acceptable level of a contaminant (or its indicator) in the target organism, or part of this, or maximum acceptable intake of a contaminant or harmful agent in certain circumstances. WHO, 1989a.

standardization. 1. Establishment of precisely defined characteristics or methods, for future reference. 2. Obtaining any substance, preparing the drug in accordance with specifically defined characteristics. 3. Precise definition of administrative procedures, annotation and evaluation of results of developing a new method.

estannosis. Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of tin dust or fumes.

stereoisomers. Compounds that have the same molecular formula identical connections between atoms, but different spatial configuration. (see. esp.) t. rel. enantiomers, diastereomers, meso compound, racémico, stereogenic center.

exposure estimate. Measurement of the concentration (or intensity) duration and frequency of exposure to an agent present in the environment. t. rel. risk estimation.

cell line. Cells derived from a primary culture or cell line, that have specific properties or markers.

stochastic. Owned or managed by luck and considered- involving guientemente and obeying the laws of probability. without. casual, by chance.

stochastic, effect. The effect appears to result from chance; even for an individual, no threshold dose below which the effect does not appear, but the chance to experience the effect increases with dose. Inherited disorders and cancer radiation-induced stochastic effects are considered. WHO, 1989a. t. rel. no effect on any, quantal effect.

stratification (in epidemiology). Process or result of separating a sample into several subsamples according to certain criteria, and age groups, socio-economic status, etc.. Last, 1988. structure-activity, relationship (SAR, English). Association between the physicochemical properties of a substance and / or properties of its molecular structure, and biological properties, including toxicity. without. p. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR).

analytical study (in epidemiology). Hypothesis testing study that investigates the relationship between a given disease or certain state of health or other dependent variable and possible causal factors. In an analytical study, individuals in the population is classified according to the absence or presence (or future development) of a specific disease and according to attributes that can modify their occurrence. Attributes can be age, race, sex, other / s illness / es, genetic characteristics, biochemical, physiological, economic situation, occupation, residence, and various aspects of environment and individual behavior. The three types of analytic study are: transverse (Prevalence), cohort (prospective) and control cases (retrospective).

cohort study. Epidemiological study method that identifies subgroups of a given population, who have been exposed or who may or may not be in the future, or who have suffered varying degrees of exposure to one or more factors that are supposed to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or any other event. Other alternative terms for this type of study, is- guimiento, longitudinal and prospective study- describe an essential feature of the method, observation of a sufficiently large number of person-years in the population to generate reliable incidence or mortality in each subgroup. This usually involves a large population study, do this for a long time (years old), or both. without. follow-up study, incidence study. m. gral. longitudinal study, prospective study. Last, 1988.

prospective cohort study. Véase m. gral. cohort study.

Intervention Study. Epidemiological research designed to test a cause-effect, by amending the population factor is supposed to cause. Last, 1988.

multigeneration study. 1. Toxicity test in which it is exposed to the test substance two or three generations of experimental organisms. 2. Toxicity test which exposes only one generation and the effects are estimated in the following generations.

retrospective study. Research designed to test etiologic hypotheses, in which causal factors are derived from data characterizing parameters and events in the past to those affected and their environment, compared with the unaffected (see. esp.) t. rel. case-control study.

cross-sectional study (disease prevalence and associations). Study examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest that exist in the population at any given time. Prevalence is recorded that the incidence of the disease and not necessarily determine the temporal sequence of cause and effect. without. prevalence study, survey of the frequency of a disease. t. rel. mobility survey. Last, 1988.

narcotic. A substance that reduces nervous system activity, consequently, mental activity and mental. (see. esp.) without. narcotic.

ethylometers. without. breathalyzer, 2second sense. (see. esp.)

etiology. 1. Study of the cause, origen o motivo de una enfermedad. 2. Cause, origin or cause of a disease. t. rel. epidemiology.

eukaryotic. Cell or multicellular organism in which genetic material is packaged in a discreet core surrounded by a membranous structure that has defined organelles. ant. prokaryotic. Nagel et al., 1991.

eutrófico. Describes a body of water with a high concentration of nutrient salts and a high rate of biological production or excessive.

eutrophication. Adverse change in the biological or chemical characteristics of a water body by depleting the oxygen content due to deposition of organic matter as a result of high primary production by increasing nutrient.

evidence. Certainty proven and demonstrated. (see. esp.)

limited evidence (regarding the carcinogenicity). Set of data and scientific reports suggest that an agent can cause an effect, but this suggestion is strong enough to consider the fact proven. IRIS, 1986. t. rel. carcinogen, IARC classification according to.

sufficient evidence. Collection of facts and scientific references that establish that a particular effect is caused by an agent. t. rel. limited evidence, IARC classification of carcinogens.

toxic evidence. Extent to which the available scientific data support the hypothesis that a substance causes a specific toxic effect. IRIS, 1986.

correctness. Difference between the mean of a set of results, or an individual result, and the value is accepted as right and true for the measured quantity. Gold y cols., 1987. t. rel. precision.

excipient. Inert substance added about a drug to give suitable consistency or form to the drug. t. rel. vehicle.

excretion. Elimination of endogenous substances or absorbed, or its metabolites or waste products, through the body organs, and urine through, bile, Lee, sweat, milk, breath, by, nails, etc.. The main excretory organs are kidneys and digestive tract. t. rel. clearing, elimination.

exogenous. That material is or comes from outside the body. ant. endogenous.

explant. Living tissue removed from his own body and transferred to an artificial medium for growth.

exposure. 1. Situation in which a substance can affect, by any means, on a population, organismo, organ, tissue or cell (see. esp.) 2. Concentration, amount or intensity of a given physical agent, chemical or biological, incident on a population, organismo, cell body to dibodylly expressed in quantitative terms of concentration, duration and frequency (for chemical and microbiological) or intensity (for physical agents). t. rel. exposure time, exposure limits.

accidental exposure. Unintentional contact with a substance or change in the environment, produced by accident.

chronic exposure. Continuous exposure over a long period or a significant fraction of the lifetime of individuals considered. ant. acute exposure.

Short-term exposure, limit (TLV-STEL, English). Concentration to which workers may be exposed continuously for a short period of time without: 1) irritation, 2) chronic or irreversible damage to the tissues, the 3) narcosis sufficiently to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair reproduction or substantially reduce the effectiveness on the job and if the concentration is not exceeded the time-weighted average (TLV-TWA). ACGIH, 1993.

exposure, biological assessment. Determination of the level, concentration or uptake of potentially toxic compounds and / or its metabolites in biological samples of an organism (blood, urine, by the, etc.…) to derive the absorbed dose or the degree of environmental pollution; may also be the measure of biological effects, often no direct adverse effects, to find a relationship with the amount of absorbed substance or its concentration in the environment. t. rel. biological monitoring. IRPTC, 1982.

exposure, biological assessment. 1. Measurement of exposure to a substance through the analysis of biological samples of exposed subjects, the food, plants, animals or biological material from the air, land or water. 2. Biochemical changes, physiological or anatomical exposed organisms that can be correlated with exposure. Repetto, 1988. m. gral. biological monitoring.

indirect exposure. 1. When the medium or vehicle transporting the agent is different from that originally contained it. 2. When an individual receives the agent through another individual, directly exposed. t. rel. passive exposure, para-occupational exposure.

Long term exposure (or term). Continuous or repeated exposure to a substance over a long period of time, usually several years for men and most of his life in animals or plants. IRPTC, 1982. without. chronic exposure.

exposure, limit, health-based. Maximum concentration, or greater intensity of exposure, that can be tolerated without significant effect on health, estimated only by scientific criteria in relation to health, without participation of any consideration of economic. King, 1987, AGGIH, 1975.

reasonable maximum exposure (RME, English). Greater exposure can reasonably be expected to occur; typically uses the upper confidence limit 95% distribution of a toxic; if you only have a few data (6-10) using the maximum concentration detected. USEPA, 1989.

non-occupational exposure. Environmental exposure outside the workplace to substances that are associated with a particular work environment and / or activities or processes of this.

occupational exposure. Incidence of substances, radiation, and so on., or other conditions at work.

-occupational exposure. 1. Exposure of the family of a substance taken home from the workplace. 2. Exposure of visitors to substances in the workplace.

passive exposure. General population risk of coming into contact with substances released by other individuals close. t. rel. smoke.

exposure, route (via) of. Means by which a toxic organism is accessed through the gastrointestinal tract or digestive tract or enteral (ingestion), tracto of respiratory or airway or pulmonary (inhalation), through the skin or dermal or skin (topical), or by introduction or by the intravenous injection, subcutaneous, Intramuscular or intraperitoneal (see. esp.).

exsanguino transfusion. Method of treatment of poisoning consisting completely replace the patient's blood from a donor.

extrapolation. Calculation, quantitative observations based on experimental animal species or in vitro systems, to predict the dose-effect and dose-response of a substance on humans and other biota, interspecies extrapolation including susceptible individuals and groups; The term can also be used for qualitative information applied to species or conditions different from those that prevailed in the original investigations.

In this section:

• Glosater - Glossary Toxicology
• Glosater – Introduction to Spanish version
• Glosater – A
• Glosater – B-C
• Glosater – D-E
• Glosater – F-G-H-I
• Glosater – L-M-N
• Glosater – O-P-Q-R
• Glosater – S-T-V X Z
• Glosater – Annex 1. Acronyms used in toxicology
• Glosater – Annex 2. Acronyms and legislation bodies
• Glosater – Annex 3. Bibliographical sources