Glosater – L-M-N

L

tear. A substance that irritates the eyes and causes or increases tear production.

larynx. Principal organ of the voice, part of the respiratory tract, located between the pharynx and trachea.

laryngospasm. Spasmodic reflex that closes the sphincter of the larynx, particularly the glottis, and can cause asphyxiation. t. rel. spasm.

lassitude. Weakness, depletion.

latency, time. Time that elapses from a toxic exposure and the manifestation of its effects. (see. esp.) latent, disease. Existing but not expressed.

laxative. Substance having bowel movements. without. cathartic, purgative.

injury. Damage, injury or pathological alteration of an area of ​​tissue.

lethal. Which kills; lethal, fatal.

leukemia. Progressive malignancy of blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in bone marrow and blood.

leucopenia. Reductions in levels of blood leukocytes. germ-free, animal. Experienced for Individuals- tion to give birth by Caesarean section and kept in sterile conditions (cage, air, food, water, and so on.). without. axenic animal, GF. m. gral. gnotobionte. IRPTC, 1982.

confidence limits. Extreme values ​​of a confidence interval. (see. esp.)

exposure limits. Values ​​set by the administration on concentrations of substances or physical agents intensities, not be overcome. IPCS, 1987.

exposure limits, guide values. Concentrations, scientifically determined, of environmental pollutants, Failure to pass which ensures a pleasant air quality, food and water, and those who are presumed not to be feared adverse effects.

occupational exposure limit (OEL, English). Legislated level can achieve exposure to a substance, radiation intensity, or any other condition, properly specified in legislation or related codes of practice.

permissible exposure limit (THE, English). OSHA Recommendation (USA) for TWA concentration not be exceeded during a workday 8 hours in a workweek 40 hours. t. rel. maximum permissible concentration- was, Threshold Limit Value, weighted average concentration over time (TWAC), exposure limit.

maximum exposure limit (MEL, English). Value defined in British law as the maximum concentration of a substance in the air, weighted with respect to time, whose inhalation exposure should not be under any circumstances workers. Is established in accordance with the advice of the Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances of the Committee for Health and Welfare (HSC).

extraneous residue limit. It refers to pesticide residues or contaminants that came from different environmental sources to direct application of Article. The maximum residue concentration, according to the Codex Alimentarius, can be legally permitted or recognized as acceptable in food, feed and agricultural commodities. It is expressed in mg per kg of residue Article. Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1986.

upper limit. Estimated maximum possible value that can reach the real value of a quantity; usually not a statistical confidence limit. IRIS, 1986.

cell line. Cell population obtained from the first subculture of a primary culture. t. rel. cell line.

lymphocyte. Blood cell, leukocyte group, can become sensitized and develop an immune response; There are two types of lymphocytes: B y T. t. rel. immune response.

B-cell. Type of lymphocyte that secretes antibodies in response to the presence of foreign or foreign to the body identified as (antigens). t. rel. immune response, T lymphocyte.

T lymphocyte. Mature lymphocytes in the thymus, cooperating with the activity of B lymphocytes and immune mediators synthesized and some antibodies.

lymphoma. Tumor tissue of the lymphatic system.

lipófilo, lipophilic. That has an affinity for fat and high solubility in lipids; physicochemical property has the balance that favors the partition or distribution of a solute between water and immiscible organic solvent, for this; influences the uptake and bioaccumulation. t. rel. bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, partition coefficient. without. hydrophobic. ant. hidrofilia.

liposome. 1. Drop of lipid in the endoplasmic reticulum of a fatty liver. 2. Artificial lipid droplet, small enough to form a relatively stable suspension in aqueous media and has potential application for drug delivery.

lisosoma. Subcellular organelle or vesicle containing hydrolyzing enzymes that act only to break or when fused to another vesicle. (see. esp.)

log Pow. Logarithm of the octanol partition coefficient- water; is an empirical measure of the lipophilicity which is used to calculate the bioaccumulation, absorption and penetration through membranes, etc.. t. rel. lipophilicity, partition coefficient octanol-water, partition coefficient.

M

macrophage. Large cell, amoeboid and able to phagocytose (capture and digest) particles, and cells and bacteria, found in many tissues, especially in areas of inflammation; monocyte-derived (leukocytes) blood and play an important role in defending the body.

malignant. 1. Tendency to become progressively worse until death, if left untreated. 2. In relation to cancer, cells that grow uncontrollably and with a tendency to invade and destroy other tissues. t. rel. cancer, metastasis, tumor, Hyperthermia. ant. benign.

mania. Mental illness or emotional disorder characterized by an expansive state and joyful (euphoria), rapid speech, flow of ideas, decreased sleep, distraibilidad, grandiosity, small and large motor activity trial. This exaltation of mood can alternate with depressive states. t. rel. manic-depressive psychosis, cyclothymia.

margin of exposure (MOE, en inglés), margin of safety (MOS, en English. Relationship between no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL, English) the dose and the concentration estimated the theoretical. t. rel. therapeutic index.

certified reference material. Material provided by a body such as an International or Standards Metrology Laboratory or other national or international guarantees its purity and analytical values (by technically validated procedures) and, also, provides a certificate detailing the most relevant information. m. gral. reference material, patterns.

material / substance calibration. without. material / reference substance.

maximum permissible concentration (acceptable or permissible) (MAC, English). Concentration that if inhaled daily (in the case of people working 8 hours, five days a week, or during 24 hours for general population), and according to current knowledge does not appear to induce appreciable damage, or during the working life, or later, or generations. t. rel. permissible exposure limit, Threshold Limit Value (TLV).

mean daily maximum concentration. It is the highest daily average concentrations of a contaminant, recorded as defined measurement points over a period of observation. without. peak daily average concentrations.

biochemical mechanism. Reaction or series of reactions, usually catalyzed by enzymes, associated with a specific physiological process in a living organism.

media. Measure of central tendency (core values) a series of homogeneous data, and often is considered representative of such data. When there is large scatter in the data, typically removes high and low ends, before calculating the average. (see. esp.). t. rel. arithmetic mean, weighted average, median.

arithmetic mean. 1. Average value of all values ​​of a variable. 2. Ratio of the sum of all values ​​obtained and the sample size (number of such securities). but = nv / n.

RMS. Square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of n numbers.

geometric mean. Nth root of the product of n data.

weighted average (of a variable, over another b). Is the quotient of the sum of the products of the values ​​of a and those of their respective b, and the summation of the values ​​of b. When b is time, is called time-weighted average.

median. Measure of central tendency of a series of homogeneous data, whose right and left is, respec- relatively, a 50% values ​​of the series.

meiosis. Process of cell division characteristic of diploid cells, whereby each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of somatic cells of the species. Resulting gametes in animals and spores in plants.

mercurial. Chronic poisoning caused by excessive use of mercury, when inhaled or exposure in mining and smelting processes. without. síndrome Mad Matter, hydrargirism.

mesocosmos. different t. rel. microcosm.

Mesothelioma. Tumor maligno del mesotelio de la pleura, pericardium or peritoneum may be caused by exposure to asbestos fibers or other. m. gral. tumor. t. rel. malignant.

metabolism. Sum of all chemical and physical processes that occur in an organism; in the strictest sense, physical and chemical changes suffered by a substance in an organism. Includes the incorporation and distribution in the body of the chemical components, changes (biotrans- formations suffered) and the elimination of the compounds and their metabolites. WHO, 1989a. t. rel. biotransformation.

similar metabolism. The process by which an ordinarily non-biodegradable compound is degraded in the presence of similarly structured compounds can induce the enzymes necessary.

metabolite. Any intermediate or final product resulting from the metabolism. According to Nagel et al. (and.), 1991. t. rel. biotransformation.

metahemoglobina. Form of hemoglobin unable to transport oxygen to have the iron atom of heme in its oxidized form (Fe III).

metahemoglobinizante. Substance capable of directly or indirectly oxidize iron II to iron III hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, derived from the hemoglobin can not carry oxygen.

methemoglobinemia. Presence of oxidized hemoglobin (metahemo- Depth) in the blood at a higher rate than normal.

metaplasia. Abnormal transformation of one type of fully differentiated adult tissue in a different well differentiated. t. rel. hyperplasia, neoplasia.

metastasis. 1. Movement of bacteria or other cells, especially cancer, of a body part to another, resulting change in the spatial location of a disease or its symptoms. 2. Growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells away from their home in the body. racemic mixture. Equimolecular mixture of two enantiomers crystals.

myasthenia. Muscle weakness.

mycotoxin. Toxin produced by a fungus.

microalbuminaria. Chronic presence of a slight excess of albumin in the urine.

microcosm. Artificial test system that simulates the main features of the natural environment for estimation purposes ecotoxicological; These systems usually have a terrestrial phase, with substrate, plants and herbivores, and a water phase, vertebrate, invertebrates and plankton. The term “mesocosmos” implies a larger system and complexity “microcosm” but the boundaries between them are poorly defined. without. experimental model of ecosystem.

microsome. Artefactual spherical particle, not exist as such in living cells, and fragments derived from smooth endoplasmic reticulum in tissue homogenates and cell. The sedimented microsomes when these homogenates were centrifuged at 105 x g or more; microsomal fraction thus obtained is often used as a source of enzymes monooxygenases. t. rel. cytochrome P-420, cytochrome P-448, cytochrome P-450, endoplasmic reticulum, monooxigenasa, Phase I reactions.

mydriasis. Extreme dilation of the pupil, The physiological response to darkness or due to chemical exposure.

myelosuppression. Reduction of bone marrow activity resulting in the decreased number of platelets, red blood cells and white blood.

mineralization. Destruction of an organic compound in the inorganic forms of the elements that compose, transforming them into salts or oxidized species. Repetto, 1987.

mineralization. Complete transformation of an organic substance in its inorganic compounds.

miosis. Excessive and permanent contraction of the pupil with a diameter less than the 2 mm.

miscible. Ownership of liquids capable of mixing without phase separation.

mitochondria. Organelle of eukaryotic cells surrounded by an outer membrane and inner membrane of a. The internal features called ridged folds occurring ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation in animal cells. Inside, the mitochondrial matrix contains ribosomes, many oxidative enzymes and a circular DNA molecule carrying the genetic information for some of these enzymes.

mitógeno. A substance that induces mitosis and cell proliferation and more specifically the transformation of lymphocytes capable of dividing undifferentiated lymphoblasts. t. rel. transformation.

mitosis. The process by which the cell nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei, each with the same genetic endowment that the primitive cell. It consists of four stages: profase, metafase, anafase y telofase. Cell division usually takes place immediately after the nucleus during telophase mitotic.

multiple equation models. Statistical analysis for the verification of theoretical assumptions and the establishment of cause-effect, research areas can not rely on an experimental or control the use of the various variables. In these models may include direct effects and indirect effects. without. structural multi-equation models, causal models.

multistage model. It is applied to the study of processes required for their development a series of stages (for example, carcinogenesis).

metabolic model. Analysis and theoretical reconstruction of what happens to a substance enters the body, showing the proportion that is absorbed, which is stored and in which tissues do, the rate of degradation and fate of metabolic products and the speed at which the various organs eliminated unchanged substance and its metabolites. WHO, 1989a.

modelo one-hit. Model dose- P-type response(d) = 1 – exp (- bd), where P(d) is the probability of death from cancer by constant dosage (d) and b id a constant. This model is based on the concept that a tumor can be induced in a susceptible target organism by exposure to a single effective dose of an agent. IRIS, 1986.

modelo weibull. Model dose- P-type response(d) = 1 – exp (-bdm) where P(d) is the probability of cancer death due to a continuous dosing, where d, Constant b and m. IRIS, 1986.

molluscicide. A substance that kills molluscs.

monitor individual. without. Personal sampler.

monitoring. Continuous or repeated observation, measurement and evaluation of health and / or environmental or technical data, for a specific purpose, according to predetermined patterns of space and time, with use of comparable methods for collecting and estimating data. Evaluation requires comparison with reference values- CIA appropriate, based on knowledge of the probable relationship between environmental exposure and adverse effects. m. is. environmental monitoring, biological effect monitoring, biological monitoring, health control, control personal. Según Berlin, Yodaiken y Henman, 1984; WHO, 1980; Zielhuis y Henderson, 1986.

biological monitoring. Continuous or repeated assessment of potentially toxic substances or their metabolites, or their effects in tissue, secretions, excretions, breath or any combination thereof, in order to assess environmental or occupational exposure and health risk, by comparison with appropriate benchmarks. m. is. biological effect monitoring. m. gral. mnvironmental monitoring. t. rel. biological assessment of exposure.

biological effect monitoring (WELL, English). Continuous measurement, repeated or systematic use of early biological effects from exposure to a substance, to assess the health risk by comparison with reference values ​​based on knowledge of the probable relationship between environmental exposure and biological effects. m. gral. biological monitoring, environmental monitoring.

personal monitoring. Type of environmental assessment which directly measures and evaluates exposures that an individual is subject; is usually performed using a personal samplers. m. gral. monitoring. t. rel. Personal sampler.

mono-oxygenase. An enzyme that catalyzes reactions between an organic compound and molecular oxygen, in which one atom of oxygen molecule is incorporated into the compound and the other is reduced to water. These enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many natural compounds and strange so inactive products are formed as different activity or increased. They are the main catalysts for the reactions of phase I xenobiotic metabolism that occur in the endoplasmic reticulum or microsomal preparations. without. mixed function oxidase. t. rel. cit P-420, cit P-448, cit P-450, endoplasmic reticulum, microsome, Phase I reactions.

monoclonal. Belonging to a particular protein obtained from a cell clone, so that all molecules of this protein are identical.

morbidity. Any departure, subjective or objective of a state of physiological or psychological; in this sense “discomfort”, “enfermedad” and “morbid condition” can be regarded as synonyms. The Expert Committee on Health Statistics of the WHO noted in its Sixth Report (1959) that morbidity can be measured in three ways: 1.- proportion of sick people; 2.- diseases (periods or disease outbreaks) experienced by those people; 3.- duration (days, weeks, and so on.) of disease. m. is. enfermedad. Last, 1988.disease

morbidity, poll. Method for estimating the prevalence and / or incidence of a / s disease / s in a population; usually designed to establish the distribution of the disease and not to test a hypothesis. Last, 1988.

mordant. Substance that fixes a dye to a support by combining with the dye to form an insoluble compound; is used to fix or enhance the color in a tissue or cell preparation or histologic.

mortality. Occurrence of death, studied in a given population or subpopulation. The word death is often used incorrectly in place of mortality. IPCS, 1987.

mortality (morbidity) standardized, reason. Relationship between the number of cases observed in the group or population under study and the number of deaths (or pathology) expected, if the study population had the same specific reason that the standard population, multiplied by 100. Last, 1988.

mortality, study. Research on mortality rates or proportion of deaths attributed to specific causes, as a measure of the response. IPCS, 1987.

proportional mortality, Index (PMR, English). Number of deaths from a particular cause in a specified time period, expressed by 100 or 1000 the total number of deaths during the same period; can lead to erroneous conclusions if used to compare data from populations with different causes of death. Last, 1988.

mortality, rate. Estimated proportion of deaths in a population during a specified period. The number of deaths divided by the number of individuals in the population at risk. Last, 1988. without. p. mortality.

Floaters. Perception of dots or spots moving inside the eyeball, produced by cellular desquamation or excreta. (see. esp.)

sample. 1. Portion of matter selected from a larger amount so that the fraction chosen is representative of all. If possible, the whole must be homogenized, before taking (see. esp.). 2. In statistics: group of individuals taken at random from a population, for the purposes of research. 3. One or more samples drawn from a population or a process with the intent to obtain information from them. t. rel. muestra al azar, random sample, stratified sample, systematic sample.

random sample. Subset of a population through selection of units so that each has a fixed probability of being selected. Last, 1988. ant. biased sample. m. gral. sample.

biased sample. Any sample that has not been chosen at random. ant. random sample. m. gral. sample. t. rel. stratified sample, systematic sample.

systematic sample. Selected according to a simple rule, as date or alphabetical order. t. rel. biased sample, stratified sample.

Personal sampler. Compact portable for Personal sampling of air and / or measure the contents of a toxic substance in the breathing zone of a worker. without. monitor individual. IRPTC, 1982.

sampling. Procedure for, or spreading a sample form.

pooled sample (cluster). 1. Sampling method in which a population is divided into aggregates (clusters) interlinked to some extent. Take a random sample of these groups and all the units that are included in the sample. 2. Sampling method in which each selected unit is a group of individuals (all individuals of the same block of flats, a family, and so on.). WHO, 1989a.

sampling, error. Part of the error estimate of a parameter (or value of a property, as the concentration) caused by the random nature of the sample. ISO, 1977.

staggered sampling. Type of sampling units in which each stage is sub-samples of larger units of the previous stage. ISO, 1977.

Multiple sampling. Act of taking repeated samples under conditions comparable; can be achieved by taking samples adjacent in time or space. PAC, 1990.

Multi-sample pooled. Pooled sample (cluster) in two or more stages in which each sample is in the same groups as above. ISO, 1977. murine. Belonging to the family Muridae, rats and mice.

mutation. Any heritable change, relatively stable, genetic material can be a chemical transformation of a single gene (gene or point mutation) that alters its function, or a rearrangement, gain or loss of a chromosome, visible under the microscope (chromosomal mutation). Mutations can occur in germ cells and transmitted to the progeny or somatic cells and move from one cell to another by dividing these. t. rel. chromosome, gen, clastogenes, genotoxicity.

phase-shift mutation. Insertion or deletion of one or a few base pairs in DNA that shifts the reading of the protein translation.

mutation. Reaction that changes a single DNA base pair.

mutagenesis. Heritable changes (mutations) genotype in a cell as a result of damage or loss of genes or chromosomes (or part of them). Nagel et al., 1991.

mutagenicidad. The ability of a biological agent, chemical and physical inducing heritable changes (mutations).

mutagen. Any substance that can induce heritable changes (mutations) in the genotype of a cell as a consequence of alterations or loss of genes or chromosomes or part thereof.

N

narcotic. Agent that produces insensibility or stupor. without. narcotic. natriuretic. A substance that increases the urinary excretion of sodium ion.

necropsy. without. autopsy. t. rel. biopsy.

necrosis. 1. Mass death of areas of tissue surrounded by healthy areas. 2. Morphological changes subsequent to cell death, frequently characterized by nuclear changes.

nephritis. Inflammation of the kidney, leading to renal failure, and is usually accompanied by proteinuria, hematuria, edema and hypertension.

nephrotoxic. Chemically harmful to kidney cells.

nematicide. A substance that kills nematodes.

newborn. Child during the first four weeks of postnatal life; for statistical purposes only some scientists believe the first seven days.

neoplasia. New and abnormal formation of tumor tissue, cell proliferation or growth faster than normal and continues after cessation of the initial stimulus that triggered. without. p. tumor. t. rel. hyperplasia, metaplasia.

pneumoconiosis. Literally “dust particles in the lungs”. Lung disease caused by inhalation of organic or inorganic particles, which are retained in the lung tissue, sometimes with the participation of an immune process. Some are not fibrogenic, in which there is no tissue reaction (by iron, tin, barium, coal, etc.) and fibrogenic (due to silica, asbestos, powders, etc.and so on.. rel. anthracosis (for coal, soot), asbestosis, bagassosis (by sugar cane), beriliosis, bisinosis (for cotton), siderosis, silicosis. (see. esp.)

interstitial pneumonia. Chronic form of pneumonia (lung disease) increased inflammation and tissue in the interstitium (tissue spaces) bronchioles and alveoli. (see. esp.)

pneumonitis. Lung inflammation.

neural. Belonging to the nerve or the nervous system.

neuron. Nerve cell, morphological and functional unit of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

neuropathy. Any disease of the central or peripheral nervous system.

neurotoxic. Chemically capable of producing an adverse effect on the nervous system both central and peripheral.

nystagmus. Rhythmic movement, rapid involuntary (horizontal, vertical, rotation of the mixed) the eyeball, due to clonic spasms of muscles ocular motor, usually caused by a disturbance of the labyrinth of the ear or a central nervous system dysfunction (bulb, cerebellum, and so on.). nitrification. Sequential oxidation of ammonium salts to nitrites and nitrates by microorganisms.

level of performance. 1. Concentration of a substance in air, ground, water or other defined, to which must be taken emergency measures or actions, such as separation or destruction of contaminated materials, evacuation of the local population or closing pollution sources. 2. Refers is also for preventive measures may be necessary but not urgent.

maximum contaminant level (MCL, English). Value defined in American law for drinking water, based on two criteria: The first considers the adverse effects (susceptible populations included) and technical considerations (natural background concentrations) and the second is based on organoleptic characteristics (as taste and color) rather than health, but takes into account the technical considerations. Only for animal and human carcinogens requires complete absence.

environmental exposure level (EEL, English). Concentration (the amount, or time, or both) of a substance that affects any part of the medium.

maximum tolerable exposure (MTEL, English). Maximum amount or concentration of a substance to which an organism can be exposed for a long time, without causing any adverse effect.

maximum permissible level (MPL, English). Normally set value as a combination of concentration and time, for chemicals and toxicoambientales, above which exposure is harmful to man. t. rel. maximum allowable concentration.

maximum residue level (MRL, English) for veterinary medicines. Maximum of a drug (expressed in the μg mg / kg fresh weight of food) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, to be lawfully admitted or seen as acceptable in human food or animal. It is based on the type and amount of residue considered safe for human health, expressed as IDA, or based on a temporary ADI that uses an additional safety factor. It also takes into account other relevant public health and technological considerations. Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1989.

maximum residue level (MRL, English) for pesticides. Maximum level of a pesticide residue (expressed in mg / kg fresh weight) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, that is legally permitted in food products for human or animal. They are based on data obtained following the codes of good agricultural practices and are intended to foods derived from products that meet the MRL are toxicologically acceptable. Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1989.

minimum observable adverse effect (LOAEL, English). The lowest concentration or amount of a substance, by observation or experimentation, cause any undesirable changes in a distinct body of an organism identical control. t. rel. observable adverse effect level.

minimum observable effect level (LOEL, English). The lowest concentration or amount of a substance, by observation or experimentation, cause any alteration in a distinct body of an organism identical control. t. rel. observable adverse effect level.

no-effect level (IN, English). Maximum dose of a substance that produces no detectable changes under defined exposure conditions. At present this term tends to be replaced by the no observable effect level (NOEL) or no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL). t. rel. adverse effect, observable effect level, observable adverse effect level.

observable adverse effect level (NOAEL, English). The maximum concentration or level of a substance, found experimental- mind the observation by, does not cause detectable adverse changes in the morphology, functional capacity, growth, development or life span of target organisms, under defined conditions of exposure. t. rel. adverse effect.

observable effect level (NOEL, English). The greatest concentration or amount of a substance, hallada experimentally by the observation, does not cause alterations in the morphology, functional capacity, growth, development or life span of target organisms, distinguishable from those observed in normal organs (control) of the same species and strain, under identical conditions of exposure. t. rel. adverse effect.

unanswered at. Dose or maximum concentration of a substance to which there was no specific response in a given population under defined conditions of exposure. IRPTC, 1982.

harmful. Agent, after contact or absorption, can cause illness or adverse, While the exposure time or later, in the present generation or future.

nodule. Small solid lump.

our. Prefix that means disease.

nosocomial. Associated with hospitals or nursing, applied specifically to diseases resulting from treatments performed in these institutions. m. gral. yatrogénico.

nutritional, method tables. Procedure to evaluate the daily intake of a large number of individuals. The accuracy of the method depends on the way to record food intake and nutritional tables specifying the concentration of different nutrients, Vitamins, essential and nonessential components, including pesticide residues. For each record amount of food consumed during a certain period of time, daily intake of the substance in question is calculated by multiplying its concentration in each food (according to the nutritional table) the amount of food consumed and dividing by the observation time. WHO, 1979.

In this section:

• Glosater - Glossary Toxicology
• Glosater – Introduction to Spanish version
• Glosater – A
• Glosater – B-C
• Glosater – D-E
• Glosater – F-G-H-I
• Glosater – L-M-N
• Glosater – O-P-Q-R
• Glosater – S-T-V X Z
• Glosater – Annex 1. Acronyms used in toxicology
• Glosater – Annex 2. Acronyms and legislation bodies
• Glosater – Annex 3. Bibliographical sources