Glosater – O-P-Q-R

The

odds. English term, no translation, statistical purposes in, which measures the ratio between the probability of an event and it does not happen; or between the probability that a thing is in some way and that is not. Last, 1988. (see. esp: in gambling bet is translated).

odds ratio. English term used in statistics, no equivalent in Spanish. Is the quotient obtained by dividing a set of “odds” the other.

ophthalmic. Pertaining to the eye.

olfatímetro. Apparatus used to measure the ability of the sense of smell.

oliguria. Decreased amount of urine excreted.

oncogene. Gene that can cause neoplastic transformation of cells: oncogenes are genes with slight changes from normal genes called proto- oncogenes.

oncogenesis. Production of tumor.

onicolisis. Loose nails for a destructive process.

oogenesis. Process of formation of the female gamete, ovule.

operon. Set of contiguous genes in the DNA chain, m-RNA which is synthesized in bulk; also includes, adjacent DNA fragments that regulate transcription of these genes. (see. esp.) Suzuki y cols., 1992.

non-target organism. Body affected by a pesticide other than that he was destined for use (for example: birds intoxicated by the insecticide herbicide).

organoleptic. It produces an impression on a sense organ, especially like, olfactory or view. osteo. Prefix indicating belonging to the bone.

osteodistrofia. Abnormal bone development.

osteoporosis. Significant decrease in bone mass with increased porosity and a greater tendency to fracture.

ovicidal. A substance that kills eggs.

mixed function oxidase (MFO, English). see no. monooxigenasa.

P

palpitation. 1. Rapid heartbeat, regulate irregular, Heart, felt by the patient. 2. Perceived by the patient's normal heartbeat.

p.o. The latin oral oral.

paralysis. Loss or impairment of motor function.

parasympatholytic. It produces effects similar to those caused by inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system. without. anticholinergic.

parasympathomimetic. It produces effects similar to those caused by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. without. cholinomimetic.

parenteral, administration. Entry Method substances without the gastrointestinal tract (subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and so on.).

paresis, paresis. Slight or incomplete paralysis.

paresthesia. Abnormal sensation as tingling, adormecimiento, numbness, by affecting areas of the central or peripheral nervous system related to the sensitivity.

gross pathology. Study of organic changes due to illness, visible to the naked eye, microscope without.

danger. Possibility of an agent produce harmful effects, because of their specific properties and the circumstances and degree of exposure. In other words, a hazardous agent is a source of harm. t. rel. risk. (see. esp.)

danger, quotient. Ratio of toxic exposure (estimated the extent) and a reference value considered as the threshold of toxicity; if the ratio of total risk from all toxic affecting a target unit exceeds, the combination of such poisons can produce (assuming a mechanism produce additive) adverse effects. t. rel. danger, pollutant, toxic.

danger, evaluation. Establishment of qualitative and quantitative relationships between hazard and benefit, through a complex process that determines the significance of identified hazards and faces the possible benefit; may subsequently lead to a risk assessment. t. rel. exposure assessment, measure of risk, hazard identification, risk estimation, Risk identification.

danger, factor of production. Substance or workplace circumstances that can cause damage or deterioration of health. without. peligro laboral, occupational hazard. IRPTC, 1982.

danger, identification. Identification of substances incidents, adverse effects, target populations and exposure conditions, taking into account toxicity data and knowledge about the effects on human health, other agencies and environmental. WHO, 1988.

danger, measure. Identifying the factors that influence the hazard of an agent, as dose-effect and dose- response, variations in susceptibility of the targets and mechanisms of toxicity. t. rel. hazard assessment, calculation of risk, perception of risk.

danger, communication standards. The labor law suggests that all workers are informed of the dangers of substances in the workplace and the actions needed to prevent damage.

slope, factor. Inverse of concentration or dose, derived from the slope of a dose-response curve; in practice is limited to the carcinogenic effects with a curve that is assumed to be linear at low concentrations or doses. The product of the slope factor and the exhibition reflects the probability of production of the effect seen. t. rel. concentration-response curve, dose-response curve.

Percutaneous. Through the skin after topical application.

perinatal. Related to the period immediately before and after birth, for example: from twenty-ninth week of gestation up to four weeks after delivery, for humans.

induction period. Time from exposure to manifestation of disease. without. latency period.

peroxisome. Organelle, similar to the lysosomes, containing catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and other oxidative enzymes.

persistence. Ability of a substance to remain unchanged so in a particular environment.

pinocitosis. Phagocytosis of liquid droplets from a cell. (see. esp.)

pyrexia. Condition in which the temperature of a human or a mammal is higher than normal.

pirógeno. Any substance that produces pyrexia.

plague. Body that can damage health, attack food or other essentials for mankind, or adversely affect the living.

pesticide. Strictly, substance that kills pests; in current use, any substance that is used to control, avoid or destroy animal pests, microbial and plant. m. is. fungicide, herbicide, insecticide…

plasma. 1. Fluid component of blood in which are suspended the blood CELUDAN. sin. Plasma sangíneo. 2. Fluid component of semen produced by the glands annexed, seminal vesicles, the prostate and urethral glands bulb. sin. plasma seminal, seminal fluid. 3. Cellular substance outside the nucleus. sin. cytoplasm. 4. Highly withoutized gas.

plasmapheresis. Removing an amount of blood and separation by centrifugation of blood cells and plasma; those are resuspended in a physiological solution (Locke solution eg) and reinjected to the donor or a patient requiring red blood cells rather than whole blood; plasma is discarded.

Plasmid. Circular DNA molecule, extrachromosomal, autonomous and capable of self-replication.

ploidía. Term indicating the number of chromosomes of an organism. t. rel. haploide, diploid.

plumbism. Chronic poisoning caused by absorption of lead, its salts or its compounds. without. lead poisoning.

population at risk. Group of people may develop an adverse effect and that are potentially exposed to a given risk factor. Those who have already developed the disease are excluded from incidence studies.

polydipsia. Chronic excessive thirst.

polymorphism. 1. In Chemistry, existence of a substance in more than one crystalline form of atomic or molecular aggregation. without. p. allotropy. 2. Two or more individuals phenotypic- picamente different about the same character, within the same species. 3. Referred to the metabolism: interindividual variations in the metabolism of xenobiotics or endogenous substances because different genetic constitution as, resulting in an increase in side effects or toxic, or different clinical effects.

genetic polymorphism. Situation in which a genetic trait appears in more than one form in a population, resulting in the coexistence of more than one morphological type.

polyuria. Production and excessive discharge of urine.

population. 1. In statistics, all units considered. A defined part of a population is called subpopulation. In the case of a random variable, it is considered that the probability distribution that defines the population variable. The term segment of the population is sometimes used synonymously with population. WHO, 1989a. 2. In ecology: group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area.

pollution. Introduction of contaminants (polulantes) on the environment, or any modification of the environment. t. rel. pollutant, polulante. population ratiocontamination. ISO, 1979; WHO, 1989a.

air pollution. Presence of substances in the atmosphere, as a result of natural processes or human activities, concentrations and time sufficient to alter the comfort, health or welfare of living beings or damage to the environment. ISO, 1980. without. environmental pollution.

polulante primary. See no. primary pollutant.

porphyria. Altered porphyrin metabolism characterized by increased formation, accumulation and excretion of porphyrins and their precursors.

posology. Dosing study in relation to physiological factors that may influence the response, as the age of the exposed organisms. Brown, 1988.

power. Expression of the chemical or medicinal activity of a substance compared to a standard or benchmark determined.

empowerment. Form of synergy, greater effect than the sum of the effects of two drugs that are absorbed simultaneously or next. t. rel. additive effect, antagonism, synergy; without. reinforcement.

preanesthesia. Medication prior to surgery, on sedatives, muscle relaxants and painkillers (see. esp.).

precision. Measure of the reproducibility of a set of measures, namely, the ensemble spread about a central value. Gold, Loening, McNaught y Sehmi, 1987.

precordial. Pertaining to the area in front of the heart and the lower part of the chest.

precursor. Substance from which another is formed with greater biological activity.

predator. Animal that feeds on other. without. predator.

preneoplastic. Prior to the formation of a tumor.

prevalence. Number of existing cases of a given disease or other condition, in a population at a given time. When used without any qualifying- tion, This term refers to the situation at a point in time (point prevalence). Last, 1988. t. rel. incidence.

prevalence, coefficient. Total number of individuals who have an attribute or have a disease at a given time (or during a specified period), divided by the population at risk at that particular time or at the midpoint of the period. t. rel. population at risk.

first step, reactions. Biotransformations elementary (oxidations, reductions or hydrolysis) experiencing a substance in the body; occur in the liver and blood or absorption sites, as skin or lung. (see. esp.)

probability. Calculated value of the relative frequency of occurrence of an event; is the ratio between the number of occurrences of the phenomenon under study and the total number of cases. (see. esp.)

probit. Unit probability obtained by adding 5 the standard deviation of a standardized normal distribution of results of a dose- response; to add value 5 it eliminates the hassle of handling negative values. A probit plot against the logarithm of the dose or concentration, gives a straight line if the distribution of the response is log normal type. This representation can be obtained estimates of the LD50 and ED50 (EC50 or LC50 and).

procarcinogen. Substance to be metabolized to induce malignant tumors.

prokaryotic. Unicellular organism, characterized by the absence of a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. Prokaryotes include bacteria, blue-green algae and mycoplasmas. t. rel. eukaryotic. Nagel et al. (eds.), 1991. promoter. In oncology, agent that induces cancer when administered to an animal or a human being who has been exposed to a carcinogen. t. rel.tinrelator.

prophage. Latency of a phage genome in a lysogenic bacterium. Nagel et al. (eds.), 1991.

proportion, Unlike (RD, English). Absolute difference between two proportions for example, difference in incidence between the proportions of a population exposed to a causal factor and an unexposed population. Last, 1988.

proportion. Frequency measurement of a phenomenon; expression of the frequency with which an event occurs in a given population during a specified time interval. Last, 1988.

proportions, ratio (RR, English). In epidemiology, value obtained by dividing the proportion of an exposed population with that of an unexposed. According Last, 1988. proteinuria. Urinary excretion of excessive amounts of protein, or plasma from the renal tubules.

pseudoadaptación. Apparent adaptation of an organism to a change in environmental conditions (especially chemical) stress associated with biochemical systems that exceed the homeostatic mechanisms.

psychotropic. A substance that modifies the psychic activity by various mechanisms, mainly by action on the central nervous system. (see. esp.) without. psychotropic, psychotomimetic.

psychosis. Mental disorder characterized by personality disturbances and loss of contact with reality.

psychotropic. A substance that has an effect on the mind; capable of modifying mental activity or mental. without. psychotropic.

psychotomimetic. Substance capable of provoking a healthy a state similar to an acute psychosis. (see. esp.) without. psychotomimetic, psychodysleptics, hallucinogen.

Q

chemosis. Swelling with edema of the ocular conjunctiva, with an outgoing runner, produced by chemical.

quimiofobia. Irrational fear of chemicals.

R

rhabdomyolysis. Acute, fulminant, potentially lethal, of skeletal muscles, causing disintegration of striated muscle fibers, evidenced by the presence of myoglobin in blood and urine.

racémico. Single crystal composed of equal numbers of molecules of two enantiomers. (see. esp.)

rat poison. A substance used to kill rats. t. rel. rodenticide.

intestinal reabsorption. New absorption of substances that are in the process of excretion by the intestine, normally with bile, and passing blood again. WHO, 1979.

reaction (biotransformation) phase 1. Enzymatic modification of a substance by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, dehydrochlorination and other reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the cytosol or the endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal enzymes) or other organelles. m. gral. biotransformation. t. rel. (citocromo P 420), (citocromo P 448), cytochrome P 450, microsome, reacciones de fase 2, phase reactions 3.

reaction (biotransformation) phase 2. Union of a substance, or its metabolites, from phase reaction 1, with endogenous molecules (conjugation), forming more water soluble derivatives excreted in the urine or bile. m. gral. biotransformation. t. rel. conjugate, reacción de fase 1, phase reaction 3.

reaction (biotransformation) phase 3. Metabolism of conjugated metabolites from phase reactions 2, that can produce toxic byproducts. m. gral. biotransformation. t. rel. conjugate, reacción de fase 1, phase reaction 2. receptor. Binding site (linking) high affinity for a particular toxic, union whose effect will be derived. m. gral. diana, Ãmrggraldiana. (see. esp.)

recycling (waste). Process that allows recovery of part of a waste to reusable materials or energy.

recombination. 1. In general, process that occurs in a diploid cell, generating new combinations of genes or chromosomes. 2. In meiosis, process that originates, from a diploid cell, a cell or haploid nucleus whose genotype is different from the two haploid genotypes that had formed the diploid. (see. esp.) Suzuki y cols., 1992.

recombinant. Individual or cell whose genotype has been generated by recombination. (see. esp.)

recovery. 1. Process leading to full or partial restoration of a cell, tissue, body or agency, after damage due to exposure to harmful substance or agent. 2. Term used in analytical and preparative to indicate the fraction of the total amount of a substance that spreads after an extraction procedure.

recovery, factor. Percentage of the total amount of a substance extracted under certain conditions. Gold, Loening, Mc Naught y Jehni, 1987.

reference, concentration of. Term used to estimate the concentration of atmospheric exposure that is without appreciable risk of deleterious effects for a population (sensitive subgroups included) lifetime. USEPA, 1989. t. rel. Acceptable Daily Intake, Reference Dose.

reference, distribution. Statistical distribution of reference values. Solberg, 1987.

reference, dose of. Term used to estimate (with an uncertainty of one order of magnitude) daily exposure that is without appreciable risk of deleterious effects for a population (sensitive subgroups included) lifetime. Barnes y Dourson, 1988. t. rel. acceptable daily intake, concentration.

reference, group. See no. reference sample.

reference, individual. Person selected, with defined criteria, for comparison in a clinical study. Solberg, 1987.

reference, interval of. Area between two reference limits, that includes these, eg percentiles 2.5 and 97.5. Solberg, 1987.

reference, limit. Value set so that a certain fraction of the reference values ​​is less than or exceed this value with a given probability.

reference, material. Substance for which are sufficiently well-established one or more properties, so it can be used for the calibration of an apparatus, verification of a measuring method, or for assigning values ​​to other substances. without. standard material. Solberg, 1987. reference, sample. Reference groups of individuals, whose number is statistically appropriate to represent the reference population. Solberg, 1987.Solberg

reference, population. The set of all individuals in reference- cia, used to establish benchmarks of a study population. Solberg, 1987.

reference, value. According to the IFCC, property as a reference in an individual or a sample of the same.

quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR, English). Quantitative association between physical and chemical properties of a substance and / or its sub-molecular and biological activities, toxicity included.

dose-effect relationship. Association between dose and effect size. t. rel. concentration-effect relationship.

dose-response relationship. Association between dose and incidence of a certain effect in a population exposed; usually expressed as the percentage of individuals experiencing the effect. t. rel. concentration-response relationship, response.

exposure-effect relationship. Different m. is. concentration-effect relationship, dose-effect relationship.

exposure-response relationship. Different t. rel. concentration ratio- respuesta, relación dosis- respuesta.

repellent. Substance used especially to ward off blood-sucking insects to protect man and animals; also used to scare mammals, poultry, rodents, plant pests, etc.…

reproducibility. Similarity between the results of tests performed under the same conditions. ISO 5725, 1986.

reproducibility, conditions. Situation in which similar results are obtained with the same method on identical test material, in different laboratories, between operators and measuring equipment. ISO 5725, 1986.

reserve, capacity. Physiological or biochemical capacity available to maintain homeostasis when an organism is exposed to an environmental change.

pesticide residue. Any substance or mixture of several of them in food or feed, from the use of pesticides and that includes any derivatives, transformation or degradation product, metabolite, reaction product, impurities, and so on., provided they have toxicological significance.

waste, time limit. Established during a certain period of time, when: 1.- Only has established a temporary ADI for toxic (usually a pesticide) considered. 2.- When, despite having set an ADI, residue data are inadequate to draw recommendations on the ceiling. WHO, 1976.

residue, acceptable level, an antibiotic. Concentration of antibiotic residues in human food or animal, has been established as acceptable.

response. 1. Proportion (percentage) exposed population experiencing a particular effect or proportion of a group of individuals who manifest a particular effect, after a given dose and a given time. t. rel. dose-response relationship. 2. Reaction of an organism or part thereof (as a muscle) to a stimulus.

retention. 1. Maintenance within the body or organ, tissue or cell, products normally eliminated. ant. elimination. 2. Part of the absorbed dose, after some time, remains in the body; can be described in terms of average life. t. rel. half-life. 3. Fixing in the memory of what has been learned, and can later be retrieved, recognized or relearned.

endoplasmic reticulum. Complex intracellular membrane in which proteins and lipids are synthesized and which are developed biotransformation reactions by monooxygenase enzyme system; isolated by cell fractionation process in the form of microsomes. t. rel. biotransformation, cytochrome, microsome, monooxigenasa.

reverse mutation. A process that reverses the effect of a mutation that had inactivated a gene, and restores the original phenotype. t. rel. phenotype.

reversible, disturbance. Change experienced by a normal structure or function, returns to its original state or within normal limits, cessation of exposure.

ribonucleic, acid (RNA, English). Linear polymer of ribonucleotides each of which contains the sugar ribose phosphate group associated with a longer one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil; encodes the information for the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. t. rel. deoxyribonucleic acid.

risk. Probability of adverse effects or damage from exposure to a toxic agent, because of the inherent properties of the same and the circumstances or levels of exposure. t. rel. danger. (see. esp.)

risk, acceptance of. Decision that can tolerate the risk associated with an exposure, considering it under, in order to reap the benefits for her. t. rel. acceptable risk.

additional risk. Probability of spontaneous causes or other agents to increase the risk resulting from exposure to a particular agent.

acceptable risk. Probability of getting a disease or damage is negligible for sufficiently small. without. p. tolerable risk, t. rel. negligible risk.

added risk. Difference in the incidence of an adverse effect in a treated group (organisms or humans exposed) compared to a control group (of the same organisms or spontaneous incidence in humans). IRIS, 1986.

attributable risk. Difference between the risk due to certain side effects that occur in the presence of a substance and the same risk in the absence of the substance. t. rel. riesgo. Last, 1988. risk, characterization of. Results of the identification and estimation of risks from the specific use of a substance or its presence in the environment; assessment requires quantitative data on the organizations or individuals exposed to the specific situation. The final product is quantitative knowledge of the proportion of affected individuals or agencies in the target population. WHO, 1979. t. rel. Risk identification, tisrelstimation.

risk, coefficient of. Value obtained by dividing the probability of occurrence of a specific effect on a population, by the probability of occurrence of the same effect in another group. It is also the ratio between the probability of producing a potentially hazardous event and the likelihood of another. These coefficients are used in the choice of options in risk management.

risk, communication. Interpretation and dissemination of risk assessment so that is understandable to the general public without special knowledge or.

negligible risk. 1. Likelihood of adverse effects so low that can not be taken into consideration. 2. Likelihood of adverse effects so low that it can be reduced appreciably more severe measures or more investment of resources. t. rel. acceptable risk, accepted risk, minimis risk.

risk, determination of. Identification and quantification of risk from exposure to an agent, taking into account the potential damage to individuals or society from this exhibition, its forms, quantities and routes. The ideal measurement requires the establishment of dose-effect and dose- response in individuals and target populations. t. rel. Risk Characterization.

risk, estimate of. Determination, with or without a mathematical model, the likelihood and nature of the effects of exposure, by quantification of dose-effect and dose-response relationships for a substance and the extent of potential exposure levels of the population, considered environmental agencies or.

estimated risk, unit increase. For an atmospheric pollutant, is the additional risk of cancer in a hypothetical population in which all individuals are exposed continuously, from birth and throughout life, at a concentration of 1 micrograms per cubic meter (1 ľg/m3) the pollutant in the air you breathe.

risk, cautious assessment (conservative, English). Risk assessment assumes the worst possible conditions and also giving the highest possible value at risk, in order that the decisions taken in consequence are of greater security.

risk, assessment. Establishment of qualitative and quantitative relationships between risks and benefits, through a complex process of identifying hazards identified and estimated for those organisms or populations may be affected.

risk, phrases. Expressions that identify the potential hazard to health or the environment, established by European Union directives; can be incorporated in the safety data sheets.

risk, management. Decision-making process that includes social considerations, policies, economic and engineering- estuary in relation to risk assessment from exposure to potential danger, and the development, analysis and comparison of policy options and the selection of the optimal regulation of security against danger. Essentially, Risk management is the combination of three steps: risk assessment, emission control and monitoring of risk exposure and. t. rel. risk coefficient.

risk, identification. Recognition of a potential danger- cial and definition of the factors necessary to determine the likelihood of exposure of people or agencies such danger and damage resulting from such exposure.

risk, indicator. Quality or symbol associated with an increased likelihood of filing of a disease or other specific information that can be used as indicative of the increased risk; is not necessarily a causal or pathogenic. without. risk marker. Last, 1988.

minimal risk. Negligible risk for filing a probability less than 10-5 o a 10-6, This can be interpreted as “virtually certain”. In the U.S. it means a legally “negligible risk to the individual”. t. rel. negligible risk.

risk, monitoring. Process monitoring of decisions and actions for risk management, in order to verify compliance with the intentions to reduce risk exposure and. WHO, 1988.

risk, perception of. Subjective assessment of the severity or significance of the risk, based on personal knowledge of different risks and in the opinion of its moral implications, economic and political. t. rel. risk assessment. WHO, 1988.

relative risk. 1. Proportion of the risk of illness or death among individuals exposed and unexposed. without. hazard ratio relationship (hazard ratio). 2. Relationship of cumulative incidence proportion of individuals exposed and unexposed. Last, 1988.

tolerable risk. Likelihood of illness or injury that can be tolerated for some time, taking into account the associated benefits and assuming that the risk is minimized by appropriate control procedures. without. p. acceptable risk.

risk, unit (USEPA). Increased risk for life which is estimated to result from exposure, lifelong, the concentration of 1 mg/m3 of an agent in the air, or 1 mg / L in water. IRIS, 1986.

rhinitis. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa.

rodenticide. A substance used to kill rodents.

roncus. Crepitation (crunch) produced by rough air in the lungs, with some resemblance to snoring.

In this section:

• Glosater - Glossary Toxicology
• Glosater – Introduction to Spanish version
• Glosater – A
• Glosater – B-C
• Glosater – D-E
• Glosater – F-G-H-I
• Glosater – L-M-N
• Glosater – O-P-Q-R
• Glosater – S-T-V X Z
• Glosater – Annex 1. Acronyms used in toxicology
• Glosater – Annex 2. Acronyms and legislation bodies
• Glosater – Annex 3. Bibliographical sources