Glosater – S-T-V X Z

S

health. 1. State of complete, physical, mental and social, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. WHO, 1978b. 2. State of dynamic equilibrium in which the ability of an individual or group to address the circumstances, is at an optimum level.

environmental health. Influence human health and the environment, including technical and administrative means to improve the human environment from the point of view of health. sin p. environmental medicine, environmental health. t. rel. occupational hygiene. WHO, 1989a.

health, surveillance. Periodic medical examinations of workers exposed in order to protect health and prevent work-related diseases. Berlin, Yodaiken y Henman, 1984. t. rel. biomarkers, monitor- tion biological.

saluretic. It causes salt excretion. without. natrurético.

sarcoma. A malignant tumor that grows in the connective tissue and anaplastic cells composed primarily of supportive tissue simulating.

lead poisoning. Lead Poisoning. without. plumbism.

secretion. 1. Solid, liquid or gas that passes from the cell interior to the exterior of the same, as a result of cellular activity. 2. The process by which a substance, as hormones or enzymes, produced in a cell, passes through the plasma membrane to the outside (for example, the intestinal lumen), or to the blood (internal secretion).

sedative. Substances which have a calming or soothing. sin. anxiolytic. t. rel. anesthetic, narcotic. up, study. Research on individuals or populations, screened for their risk exposure, or having received a preventive or therapeutic treatment, or possess a particular characteristic, undergo periodic testing to estimate the damage, effect improvement or property. sin. cohort study. Last, 1988.without

security. Reverse the risk; practical certainty that, under defined conditions, no harm will result from a hazard. 1. In pharmacology: guarantee that a substance can be used, and the amount needed for a particular purpose, with minimum risk to health. 2. In toxicology: high likelihood of exposure to a substance- cia, under defined conditions of quantity and shape, that minimize exposure, not cause damage. t. rel. practical certainty, risk.

security, factor. t. rel. uncertainty factor.

security, Data Sheet. Sheet or single page that provides toxicological and safety tips, in relation to certain substances, preparations or processes.

Chemical Safety. Practical guarantee that the organisms are not exposed to toxic amounts of chemicals; This involves getting an acceptably low risk of exposure to potentially toxic substances. Duffus, 1986.

sensitivity. 1. In analytical chemistry, quality of a method or technique that allows a wide variation in part because of a small change in concentration of the analyte. Gold, Loening, Mc Naught, Sehmi, 1987. 2. Slope of the calibration path of a method or an analytical technique.

species-specific sensitivity. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of response to potentially toxic substances that are distinctive of particular species of organisms.

sensitization. Immune process by which an individual becomes hypersensitive to substances (drugs, cosmetics, powder, Poland, dandruff, and so on.) do you develop an allergic reaction when exposed later to the sensitizing material (allergen). t. rel. allergy, hypersensitivity.

sensitizing. Ability of a substance or preparation to trigger an immune reaction (hipersen- sensitization), which produces adverse effects on subsequent exposure to a substance or preparation referred. EEC, 1987.

slant. Deviation of results or the conclusions drawn, or processes that lead to the deviation. Any point of data collection, análisis, interpretación, publication or review that leads to systematically different conclusions from the truth. Among the various factors that may cause biases are the following: 1. Systematic variation of the measures to be away forever in the same sense of real values. without. systematic error. 2. Changes in global statistical measures (average, percentages, measures of association, and so on.) respect to the actual values ​​as a result of systematic variations of the measures, other faults in the data collection, or the protocol of the study or analysis. 3. Deviation in the conclusions as a result of errors in the study design, de la recolección de datos, or analysis or interpretation of the results. 4. A tendency of procedures (study design, recolección de datos, adata collectionión, review or publication) which leads to results or conclusions tanalysisarinterpretation. 5. Prejudice leads to a conscious or unconscious selection of study procedures that deviate from the truth in a certain direction or makes interpretation of results is made from a partial view. Last., 1988.

siderosis. 1. Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust from iron or its compounds. 2. Excess iron in urine (hemosiderina), blood or tissue.

significance, degree of (p). In a comparative study, assesses the likelihood of a hypothesis about empirical data. Significant by convention (disagrees with the hypothesis that) any deviations with a significance level of p < 0.05, lo que lleva a rechazar la hipótesis.

significance, level ( ). Probability of committing a type I error, ie reject as false a true estimate of a population parameter.

sign. Objective evidence of a condition or disease, perceived by an observer (hypertension, wheezing, ECG). The symptom is objectified by the doctor (see. esp.).

silicosis. Pneumoconiosis caused by breathing silica dust.

sympatholytic. Agent or action, that blocks the transmission of impulses from the adrenergic fibers (sympathetic) to postganglionic effector organs or tissues. without. antiadrenergic.

sympathomimetic. Drug, by the sympathetic nervous system arousal, euphoric effects and decreased fatigue. (see. esp.) Examples: amphetamines, cocaine. without. adrenergic.

syndrome. Set of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular disease.

withdrawal. Number of side effects that occur in man or animal resulting from the interruption of chronic exposure to a drug or a drug of abuse, which has become dependent.

synergy. 1. In physiology: Competition of various organs (for example, muscles) to perform a function (see. esp.). 2. In pharmacology and toxicology: combined biological effect of two or more substances equal to or greater than the simple sum of the effects of each agent. t. rel. additive effect, empowerment. ant. antagonism.

symptom. Subjective evidence of a condition or disease, perceived by the subject who suffers (such as nausea, pain, migraine). t. rel. sign.

symptomatology. Overview of the signs and symptoms experienced by a patient (see. esp.). t. rel. syndrome.

system of pollution control. 1. Measures or procedures used to prevent or minimize pollution. 2. Network devices that measure the degree of contamination. nervous system. Bundle of nerves, centers, nervous tissues and lymph. (ver. esp.). There are sensory and motor nerves. (veseeesesp.

nervioso central system (SNC). It consists of the brain (brain and cerebellum) and spinal cord (housed in the spine), connected by the brainstem (medulla). (see. esp.)

parasympathetic nervous system. Nervioso independent or part of the growing season (central independent) SN functions contrary to the sympathetic. Its neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. (see. esp.)

peripheral nervous system (SNP). It consists of nerves that originate in the brainstem (cranial nerves) and those that leave the spinal (spinal nerves or spinal). (see. esp.)

sympathetic nervous system. Nervioso independent or part of the growing season (central independent) governing organic life. Fiber innervates smooth muscles, the heart, secretory glands. etc.. Your neurotransmitters are: acetylcholine (preganglionic fibers) and adrenaline or noradrenaline (postganglionic fibers). (see. esp.)

systemic. Relative to the entire body as a unit.

somatic. 1. Pertaining to the body, opposed to the mind. 2. Belonging to the cells or organ players.

soporific. A substance that causes sleepiness. t. rel. anesthetic, narcotic, sedative. sorción. Neologism used instead of adsorption or absorption when it is difficult to distinguish which of these processes is. Gold, Loening, Mc Naught and Sehmi, 1987.

subacute. Form of exposure normally during repeated administration 21 days; preferably called subchronic, face of chronic or long-term. without. p.

subchronic. Repeated exposure over a short period of time, usually less than 10% of life of the species tested. without. p. subacute. t. rel. subacute toxicity, subchronic toxicity.

subchronic. t. rel. subacute toxicity, subchronic toxicity.

subjective, environment. Environmental conditions as perceived by the people who inhabit. WHO, 1979.

serum. 1. Proteinaceous aqueous fraction of the blood that remains liquid after coagulation. without. blood serum. Similarly, the whey. To convert the concentration of a substance in blood serum or plasma total, must take into account the hematocrit value (ver. esp.). 2. Clear watery fluid that moistens the surface of serous membranes or that is exuded when these membranes become swollen. 3. Traditionally, “saline” is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride 0.9%. 4. Immune serum. Extracted from individuals immunized, has the corresponding antibodies. Also, antibody solution, obtained by any process, used as a reagent in immunological (ver. esp.).esp.see

summation (in neurophysiology). Process of adding isolated postsynaptic responses, caused by adjacent stimuli in time and space.

sink. In environmental chemistry, environmental area in which, or a process by which, half is separated from one or more pollutants natural physicochemical mechanisms (fotodescomposición, absorption, and so on.).

superficial, layer. Region of space comprising and associates the limiting surface phase between a liquid and a solid, between a solid and a gaseous phase or between a liquid and a gas, within which the properties of matter are significantly different from those of the adjacent phase components. without. p. interface layer.

susceptibility. Condition in which there is a decrease of the resistance of an individual against a particular disease or poisoning, and is experienced at doses lower than those usually exhibits harmful to the rest of the population.

T

tamizado (screening) (see. esp.). 1. Action the effect of passing through a sieve something, strainer or sieve to separate the bulk of the fine. 2. In analytical toxicology: simple tests or analysis aimed at detecting the presence in a sample of the most likely toxic. 3. In pharmacology and experimental toxicology: tests or procedures to characterize certain pharmacological or toxic properties of a compound or a series of them. without. screening.

tamizado (screening) multiple (or multiphase). Combination of individual screening assays, and is the logical corollary of the set. When the serving of a single type of test in a population is a lot of time and effort it profitable to offer other alternative tests while, thus tracking multiple (or multiphase) involves making a number of tests combined with a large number of individuals. m. gral. tracking (screening). WHO, 1989a.

tachy. Prefix that means fast.

tachycardia. Abnormally fast heartbeat. ant. bradycardia.

tachypnea. Abnormally rapid. ant. bradypnea.

exposure rate. In a case-control study, value obtained by dividing the risk factor exposure (or protection) of individuals in the cases group of individuals in the control group. According Last, 1988.

rate. Relationship or ratio between two magnitudes. t. rel. proportion, index, coefficient.

roof, threshold limit value (TLV-C). Concentration must not be exceeded at any time during exposure at work. ACGIH, 1993.

chelation therapy. Use of a chelating agent to increase the elimination or reduction of a metal ion toxicity.

therapeutic, index. Relationship between therapeutic and toxic doses of a drug (higher ratio, greater security). teratogenicidad. Potential to cause birth- tions or defects in the offspring. WHO, 1987. 2. It is a manifestation of reproductive toxicity, particular case of the embryo / fetotoxicity, demonstrated by the production or increased frequency of structural malformations, congenital, no- hereditary, in the progeny, visually detectable at birth. EEC, 1987. t. rel. developmental toxicity, embryotoxicity.

teratogenic. Management Agent for the mother in prenatal period, induces structural malformations or defects in the offspring.

Ames test de. In vitro mutagenicity, on mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria can not grow on histidine-deficient medium; mutagens reverse the original mutation and the bacterium is again able to grow in this medium. You can perform the assay in the presence of S-9 microsomal fraction of rat liver, to allow the metabolic transformation of a precursor to an active mutagen.

Draize test. Trial to evaluate the potential of substances to cause irritation and skin or eye corrosion, after local exposure; usually performed on rabbit (almost exclusively from New Zealand albino), although others have used animal models.

tetanic. 1. Relative to the basin of tetanus (see. esp.). 2. Muscle tonic spasms.

half lethal time (TL50). Mean time interval, statistically calculated, during which it is hoped that dies 50% of a given population, after acute administration of a chemical or physical, to a given concentration and under a defined set of conditions.

average time. over wide media.

tinnitus. Subjective sensation of a sound, ringing, whistle, the buzzing murmur, normally pulsatile, caused by inadequate stimulation of the receptors, by disorders of the ear canal, nerves on blood pressure. without. tinnitus (see. esp.)

tolerance. 1. Ability of an organism to experience exposure to harmful doses of a drug without adverse effects. 2. Ability of an organism to survive in the presence of a toxic substance: can acquire increased tolerance by adaptation to constant exposure or increased. 3. Adaptive state characterized by diminishing the effects of certain doses of a substance; is interested in therapeutic, drug, food toxicology, occupational and environmental. 4. In immunology: state of immune unresponsiveness.

tonic. 1. adj. State characterized by continuous tension, especially, the muscular (tone). ant. clone. 2. n. Preparation medication or physiotherapy practice that increases or restores normal muscle tension or the condition of the body (see. esp.).

topic. Application or action of a substance, located externally and. ant. systemic.

toxicity. Ability to harm a living organism, regarding the amount or dose of substance administered or absorbed, route of administration and distribution in time (only the repeated dose), type and severity of damage, time required to produce this, the nature of the body concerned and other conditions involved.

acute toxicity. Ability of a substance to cause adverse effects within a short period of time (usually up 14 d) after administration of a single dose (or a given exposure) or after multiple doses or exposures 24 h. t. rel. acute effect. ant. chronic toxicity.

chronic toxicity. Ability of a substance to cause adverse effects consequent to prolonged exposure; they may appear during or after exposure interrupted. t. rel. chronic toxicity test. ant. acute toxicity. IRIS, 1986.

toxicity, equivalence factor (TEF). Factor used in risk assessment estimating the toxicity of a complex mixture; when applied to the mixture of dibenzo-p-dioxins, chlorinated furans and polychlorinated, TEF is taken as = 1 that of the 2,3,7,8- tetraclorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

subchronic toxicity. 1. Adverse effects caused by administration or repeated exposure of a substance for a short period of time, usually the 10% of life (at least 90 days in animals). 2. Capacity to produce adverse effects after exposure subcrónica. t. rel. subchronic toxicity tests.

subchronic toxicity, test. Animal experimentation to study the effects of a substance when administered repeatedly or continuously during 90 days. WHO, 1979.

toxicokinetics. Mathematical expression in terms of the processes experienced by a toxic substance in transit through the body (catchment, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination). Consider the speed of processes and variations in the concentrations of the original substances and their metabolites in the compartments- procedures. The term pharmacodynamic- as, had been finalized as a synonym for drug products of interest; there are also differences between pharmacodynamics and toxicodynamics for the guidance and purpose of the studies and the different doses and characteristics of the substances considered (see. esp.). without. p. pharmacokinetics. t. rel. toxicodynamics.

toxic. Any chemical or physical agent capable of producing an adverse health effect. All physical and chemical agents are potentially toxic, since its action depends on the dose and individual and environmental circumstances. Repetto, 1988.

toxicodynamics. Process of interaction of a toxic substance to target sites, and biochemical and physiological consequences that lead to toxic effects. t. rel. toxicokinetics.

toxicogenética. Study of the influence of hereditary factors on the effects of toxic substances in individuals. t. rel. polymorphism.

toxicology. 1. Scientific discipline dedicated to the study of actual or potential danger presented by the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms and ecosystems, relations of such adverse effects with exposure, and mechanisms of action, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of poisoning. 2. Science that chemical substances and physical agents in that they are capable of producing pathological changes in living things, at the same time studying the mechanisms of production of such alterations and means to counter, and procedures for detecting, identify and assess such agents and assess their degree of toxicity. Repetto, 1987.

toxicology for development. 1. Study of the toxic effects on the development of organisms (structural abnormalities, alteration of birth, functional impairment or death) as a result of exposure to each parent before conception, or during the pre-and postnatal, to sexual maturation. IRIS, 1986. t. rel. embryotoxicity, teratogenesis. 2. Study of the occurrence of non-hereditary disorders in the offspring, in any period, pre, peri y post-natal, structural, functional or behavioral. EEC, 1987.

regulatory toxicology. Applied Toxicology Branch for legislative purposes.

reproductive toxicology. Study of non-heritable adverse effects of substances on the embryo, feto, neonato fetusmífero prepúber, and reproductive and endocrine systems of the adult. t. rel. embryo, feto, newborn.

toxicometría. Set of quantitative measurements of biological parameters affected by toxic (see. esp.). toxicovigilancia. Active process of identifying, research and evaluation of toxic effects on the population appear, with the aim of taking measures to reduce or control exposure to substances that produce.

toxificación. Metabolic conversion of a substance into a more toxic. ant. detoxication.

toxin. Poisonous substance produced by an organism, (microbe, animal or plant). m. gral. venom, toxic.

toxinology. Scientific discipline devoted to the study of chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the toxins.

toxóforo, group. Structural fraction which to the toxic action of a molecule (see. esp.). without. group toxogénico, toxicofórico.

toxogénico, group. without. toxophore group.

work, area. (in occupational hygiene). Space for up to two meters above ground level or platform, in which a worker is temporarily or permanently. IRPTC, 1982.

transcription. The process by which genetic information, encoded in a linear sequence of nucleotides, DNA on a branch, is copied into a complementary RNA sequence exactly. t. rel. reverse transcription, retrotranscripción.

reverse transcription. The process by which the synthesis of a DNA strand from an RNA. without. retrotranscripción.

transformation. 1. Chemical modification of a substance on the outside or inside of the organisms. 2. Alteration of a cell by incorporation of foreign genetic material, and its subsequent expression in a new phenotype. t. rel. phenotype. 3. Conversion of normally growing cells in culture, a state of rapid division reminiscent of tumors.

logit transformation. Mathematical transformation that relates the response to a given dose or concentration of a toxic, the response in the absence of toxic, by the formula: Logit = lg [B / Bo - B] where B is the answer known and Bo is the response in the absence of toxic. The representation of the logit function against the logarithm of the dose or concentration usually offers a linear relationship.

metabolic transformation. Biochemical transformation of a substance by an organism. without. biotransformation.

GM. Animal carrying a gene that was introduced by microinjection of DNA into the nucleus of the fertilized egg.

tracer. 1. Means by which something can be followed; for example, a radioactive isotope that can replace a stable chemical element in a compound, for studies of toxicinética. 2. Marked member of a population, used to measure certain properties of this. Gold y cols., 1987.

geometry (triage, selection). 1. Assessment of disease, wounds or injuries to people after a disaster, to prioritize needs and make the best use of available medical. 2. It applies in other activities to give priority to the actions and get better returns on the resources (see. esp.).

trophic, chain. See no. Food Chain.

trophic, level. Particular position an organism occupies in a food chain.

thrombocytopenia. Decreased number of platelets (trombocitos).

tumor. 1. Inflammation (bundle) or abnormal growth of tissue, Benigno ya sea or maligno. 2. Abnormal growth, speed and structure from normal tissue, physiological useless. without. neoplasia.

turnover time (English literally: Spare time). without. half-life.

turnover number (English = turnover number). Number of molecules affected, per unit time.

turnover (English = replacement). Replacement or conversion of other molecules.

You

ulcer. Local loss of substance, often accompanied by inflammation, affecting the surface of an organ or tissue, detachment caused by a zone of necrosis and little or no capacity for healing (see. esp.).

odor threshold. In principle, the lowest concentration of an odorant can be detected by humans; when using a panel of “inhalers”, is considered as the threshold concentration sensed by the 50% panel (in some cases are also used by the perceived 100%).

threshold of discomfort. The lowest concentration of an air pollutant that can be considered annoying. t. rel. odor threshold, population ratio. IRPTC, 1992.

threshold, value. Dose or concentration below which there is no effect expected to appear.

urticaria. Vascular reaction of the skin characterized by the appearance of wheals (hives) whitish or reddish, unstable, slightly elevated papules, macules, plates or bands surrounded by a halo and usually associated with pruritus. Usually due to hypersensitivity, via external or internal.

In

vacuole. Inside a cell, cavity surrounded by a membrane.

validity (a measure). Expression of the degree to which a measure conforms to reality. m. is. predictive validity, criterion validity. Last, 1988.

external validity. Generalization of the results of a particular, beyond the limits of the population considered in the same. m. gral. validity.

validity of a study. Degree of assurance that the interference of a study made, especially generalizations beyond the sample, taking into account the methods used, the representativeness of the sample and the nature of the population from which it is drawn. Last, 1988. m. is. external validity, internal validity.

internal validity. Selection and comparison of indexes and groups so as to ensure that, apart from sampling errors, the differences observed between the different study groups, respect to the dependent variables, can be attributed only to the hypothesized effect under investigation. ICPS, 1987.

predictive validity. Reproducibility of a measurement expressed as its ability to predict the criterion. Last, 1988.

limit. Maximum concentration at which or below which, Member States of the EC to establish standard values ​​of environmental quality and emission standards for individual substances, according to EC Directives. m. is. threshold value.

Threshold Limit Value (TLV, English). Concentration of a substance in air to which it is believed that most workers can be exposed daily without experiencing adverse effects. These values ​​are set and reviewed annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists U.S. (ACGIH). There are three types of TLVs, the TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL and TLV-C. ACGACGIH993. See duracción short exposure, limit.

exposure assessment. m. is. biological assessment of exposure.

guideline values. Quantitative values (in concentration or number) a constituent of the atmosphere, Failure to pass which ensures a pleasant air quality, food or water and does not derive a significant risk to the user.

vasoconstriction. Decreased caliber of blood vessels and therefore blood supply to tissue. ant. vasodilation.

vasodilation. Increased caliber of blood vessels and therefore blood supply to tissue. ant. vasoconstriction.

vehicle. Substances used in the formulation of active ingredients for administration or use (general term for solvents, emulsifiers, and so on.). Brown, 1988. t. rel. excipient.

venom. 1. Animal toxin used for the self-defense and predation normally released by the bite bite. 2. Toxic intentionally used. without. p. toxin.

ventilation. 1. Supply of fresh air to a room or a building. 2. Air exchange between the atmosphere and the lungs. 3. Amount of air inhaled in a given time. 4. Blood oxygenation.

cerebral ventricles. Spaces, horseshoe-shaped, in the brain mass. There are two sides, one on each side of the interhemispheric fissure, and a third, central. All three are connected and contain a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid. (see. esp.)

vermicide. That kills worms (worms).

vermifuge. Substance that causes the expulsion of intestinal worms.

vertigo. Impaired sense of balance, characterized by a feeling of instability and apparently rotating movement of the body or objects present (see. esp.).

vesicante. It produces blisters on the skin or mucous, contact.

gallbladder. 1. Small fluid-filled bladder. 2. Lift like a blister the skin containing serous fluid.

half-life, average time (t½). Time at which the concentration of a substance is halved, process assuming a first-order elimination.

biological half-life (t½). Time required for the amount of a substance in a biological system is reduced by half, predominantly by biological processes, when the rate of removal is approximately exponential. Gold, Loening, McNaught y Sehmi, 1981.

elimination half-life (t½). Period it takes the agency to halve the blood levels of a substance. without. biological half-life, average time.

half-life, Stability (t½). Time required for the amount of a substance in a formulation to decrease to half (50%), for any reason. Brow, 1988.

half-life (average time) metabolic. Time required for half the amount of a substance in the body metabolically transformed into a derivative or eliminated. t. rel. clearing, elimination.

plasma half-life. See without. elimination half-life.

surveillance. Continuing review, generally using methods chosen for its uniformity, simplicity and expediency rather than safety, in order to detect changes in trend or distribution of the phenomena, in order to initiate the investigation of control measures. Last, 1988. without. monitoring.

environmental monitoring. Continuous or repeated measurement of environmental agents to assess exposure and health risk, for comparison with reference values ​​based on knowledge of the likely relationships between exposure and adverse effects. Según Berlin, Yodaiken y Henman, 1984 t. rel. biological control, monitoring.

volume of distribution. Apparent volume (hypothetical) body fluid required to contain the total amount of a substance at the same concentration to that found in plasma or whole blood, assuming that equilibrium has been reached.

tidal volume n. Amount of air or gas inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle.

X

xenobiótico. Strictly, any substance that interacts with an organism that is not one of its natural components. without. exogenous substance, foreign substance.

The

zygote. 1. Cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes. 2. Cell resulting from partial or complete fusion of cells produced by meiosis.

breathing zone. Space within a radius of 0.5 m around the face of a person. IRPTC, 1982.

zoocida. That kills animals.

zoonosis. Animal disease that is transmissible to humans. (see. esp.)

In this section:

• Glosater - Glossary Toxicology
• Glosater – Introduction to Spanish version
• Glosater – A
• Glosater – B-C
• Glosater – D-E
• Glosater – F-G-H-I
• Glosater – L-M-N
• Glosater – O-P-Q-R
• Glosater – S-T-V X Z
• Glosater – Annex 1. Acronyms used in toxicology
• Glosater – Annex 2. Acronyms and legislation bodies
• Glosater – Annex 3. Bibliographical sources